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Nicotinamide (NAM) is a water-soluble form of Vitamin B3 (niacin) and a precursor of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) which regulates cellular energy metabolism. Except for its role in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), NAD+ acts as a substrate for several enzymes including sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1). Notably, NAM is an inhibitor of both SIRT1 and PARP1. Accumulating evidence suggests that NAM plays a role in cancer prevention and therapy. Pha

Advances in targeted medications have improved the survival rate of breast cancer patients with molecular marker-positive tumors. To date, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has remained as the standard method for quantifying the markers including HER2, ER, and PR. Nevertheless, IHC-based grading is subjective, because the results depend on trained individuals' eye rather than numerical quantities. Thus, alternative methods that can account for quantitative levels of markers are gaining popularity, incl

Cytological examination of urine is the most widely used noninvasive pathologic screen for bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA); however, inadequate diagnostic accuracy remains a major challenge. We performed mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of urine samples of ten patients with BLCA and ten paired patients with benign urothelial lesion (BUL) to identify ancillary proteomic markers for use in liquid-based cytology (LBC). A total of 4,839 proteins were identified and 112 proteins were co

The Gleason grading system, currently the most powerful prognostic predictor of prostate cancer, is based solely on the tumor’s histological architecture and has high inter-observer variability. We propose an automated Gleason scoring system based on deep neural networks for diagnosis of prostate core needle biopsy samples. To verify its efficacy, the system was trained using 1133 cases of prostate core needle biopsy samples and validated on 700 cases. Further, system-based diagnosis results wer

Metabolic dysregulation is an important hallmark of cancer. Nicotinamide (NAM), a water-soluble amide form of niacin (vitamin B3), is currently available as a supplement for maintaining general physiologic functions. NAM is a crucial regulator of mitochondrial metabolism and redox reactions. In this study, we aimed to identify the mechanistic link between NAM-induced metabolic regulation and the therapeutic efficacy of NAM in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The combined analysis using mult

Aims and background Differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is sometimes difficult to accurately perform. Methods Eight markers including cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), MOC31, CD10, glypican 3 (GPC3), claudin 4, biglycan and high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) were immunohistochemically stained in samples from 179 surgically resected hepatocellular carcinomas and 127 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, and the rates of marker expression were s

BACKGROUND: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is often overexpressed in breast cancer and correlates with a worse prognosis. Thus, the accurate detection of HER2 is crucial for providing the appropriate measures for patients. However, the current techniques used to detect HER2 status, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), have limitations. Specifically, FISH, which is mandatory for arbitrating 2+ cases, is time-consuming and costly. To address this sho

OBJECTIVE: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is recommended by the World Health Organization as a diagnostic method for breast lesions. The morphological interpretation of liquid-based preparations (LBPs) remains a diagnostic challenge due to considerably altered cytomorphology. The aim of the current study was to compare cytomorphological characteristics of SurePath® (SP)-based LBP and conventional smear (CS) in breast FNACs. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 77 benign and 60 malignant brea

Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (EP-NECs) are associated with a poor clinical outcome, and limited information is available on the biology and treatment of EP-NECs. We studied EP-NECs by applying the recent novel findings from studies of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas, including POU2F3, the master regulator of tuft cell variant of small cell lung carcinomas. A cohort of 190 patients with surgically resected EP-NECs or poorly differentiated carcinomas (PDCs) were established. Immuno