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Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) of the hepatitis B virus was strongly implicated in angiogenesis and metastasis during hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we explored the possibility of cross-talk between HBx and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), a potent transcriptional inducer of angiogenic factors. First, we showed that stability of HIF-1alpha protein was increased by HBx in HBx-inducible Chang liver cells as well as in transient HBx expression system of non-hepatic cells. Immunofluores

We provide detailed mechanisms of Ahnak-mediated potentiation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling, which leads to a negative regulation of cell growth. We show that Smad3 interacts with Ahnak through MH2 domain and that Ahnak stimulates Smad3 localization into nucleus leading to potentiating TGFβ-induced transcriptional activity of R-Smad. Moreover, overexpression of Ahnak resulted in growth retardation and cell cycle arrest through downregulation of c-Myc and cyclin D1/D2. We descr

Prime editors, novel genome-editing tools consisting of a CRISPR-Cas9 nickase and an engineered reverse transcriptase, can induce targeted mutagenesis. Nevertheless, much effort is required to optimize and improve the efficiency of prime-editing. Herein, we introduce two strategies to improve the editing efficiency using proximal dead sgRNA and chromatin-modulating peptides. We used enhanced prime-editing to generate Igf2 mutant mice with editing frequencies of up to 47% and observed germline tr

These results suggest that chronic diabetes activates microglia and significantly increases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus.

BACKGROUND: Comparisons of the gut microbiome of lean and obese humans have revealed that obesity is associated with the gut microbiome plus changes in numerous environmental factors, including high-fat diet (HFD). Here, we report that two species of Bifidobacterium are crucial to controlling metabolic parameters in the Korean population. RESULTS: Based on gut microbial analysis from 99 Korean individuals, we observed the abundance of Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum was marked

Polyps are believed to be the source of mucus hypersecretion in chronic inflammation of the sinus. However, it is not clear which mucins are responsible for the hypersecretion of mucus by nasal polyps. We describe the over-expression of MUC8 mRNA in nasal polyps and the upregulation of MUC8 mRNA expression and downregulation of MUC5AC mRNA expression by inflammatory mediators. We found that the level of MUC8 mRNA, but not the level of MUC5AC mRNA, increased in nasal polyps. We also found that th

When cells are first exposed to low levels of oxidative stress, they develop a resistance to a subsequent challenge of the same stress, even at higher levels. Although some protein(s) induced by oxidative stress likely mediated this adaptive response, the nature of these proteins is unknown. In this study, the total proteins extracted from human U937 leukemia cells exposed to 50 micromM H(2)O(2) for 24 h to induce an optimal protective response were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel

We report here a proteomic analysis of differentially expressed liver proteins of both C57BL/6J (B6, atherosclerosis-susceptible strain) and C3H/HeJ mice (C3H, atherosclerosis-resistant strain), which were fed either control or a high-fat enriched atherogenic diet for eight weeks. We observed differential patterns of plasma lipids between the two strains when both were fed atherogenic diets. That is, although low density lipoprotein cholesterol level was highly elevated in both, the levels of to