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R&D cooperation is a key to combining firms’ internal and external technological capabilities. This article empirically investigates the effect of R&D cooperation partners on different types of product innovation. This study considers four types of partners in R&D cooperation: suppliers, customers, competitors, and universities. Three purposes of product innovation are considered: diversification of products, pioneering a new market, and standardization of technology. The main findings are: (1)

Securing appropriation is crucial for firms to retain their competitive advantage. This article empirically examines the effects of different types of innovation protection methods on different types of product innovation. The study considers six types of innovation protection methods which can be used during product development: patents, a utility model, designs, confidentiality, complex designs, and market preoccupation. Four types of product innovation are considered: product quality improvem

This article empirically examines how institutional protection methods and non-institutional protection methods for innovation have a moderating effect on relationships among partners (suppliers, customers, competitors, universities, public research institutes) and product innovation performance (product quality improvement, technology standardization). Based on a Korea Innovation Survey of the manufacturing sector, the results are that institutional protection methods have positive moderating e