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Demyelination is the pathological process by which myelin sheaths are lost from around axons, and is usually caused by a direct insult targeted at the oligodendrocytes in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). A demyelinated CNS is usually remyelinated by a population of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, which are widely distributed throughout the adult CNS. However, myelin disruption and remyelination failure affect the normal function of the nervous system, causing human diseases such as

Objectives. Trimetazidine (TMZ) is known to reduce the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of TMZ on neomycin-induced ototoxicity in transgenic zebrafish (Brn3C: EGFP). Methods. Five-day, postfertilization zebrafish larvae were exposed to 125 μM neomycin and one of the following TMZ concentrations for 1 hour: 10 μM, 100 μM, 500 μM, 1,000 μM, 1,500 μM, or 2,000 μM. Hair cells within the neuromasts of the supraorbital (SO1 and

Background The fndings of head impulse tests (HIT) are usually normal in cerebellar lesions. Case Report A 46-year-old male presented with progressive dizziness and imbalance of 3 weeks duration. Te patient exhibited catch-up saccades during bedside horizontal HIT to either side, which was more evident during the rightward HIT. However, results of bithermal caloric tests and rotatory chair test were normal. MRI revealed a lesion in the inferior cerebellum near the focculus. ConclusionszThis case

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare malignancy with very poor prognosis. The exact cause underlying its strong aggressive nature is not clear. Here, we discovered the elevated expression of anoctamin-1 (ANO1; Ca2+-activated Cl− channels) in advanced-stage ATC tissue. Using different ATC cell lines, the degree of expression of ANO1 was found to be related to the degree of ATC cell invasion by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Suppression o

Five of the 20 cases were excluded for various reasons. Eleven of the remaining 15 cases (73.3%) showed good responses (<10 mm in diameter), whereas the other 4 patients showed poor responses. All patients tolerated the therapy well, and no significant morbidity or complication occurred among patients treated by OK-432 sclerotherapy.

Objectives. The present study was designed to identify the correlations of bacterial strains of the middle ear and the nasopharynx in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) patients who were scheduled for operations. Methods. Sixty-three patients with CSOM were enrolled in the study. Culture specimens were collected from the middle ear and nasopharynx of patients who were admitted for operation. Samples collections were performed 3 times;from the middle ear and nasophaynx at the admission day,

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate optimal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) level, to examine the factors affecting optimal CPAP level, and to develop a predictive equation for optimal CPAP level in Korean patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Methods. A total of 202 patients with OSAS who underwent successful manual titration for CPAP treatment were included in this study. Correlations between the optimal CPAP level and baseline data including anthro

Background and Objectives: We compared improvements in hearing thresholds in acute low-tone sensorineural hearing loss (ALHL) patients after two different treatments: steroid alone and steroid and diuretic combined. We analyzed how the duration between the onset of symptoms and the initiation of treatment affected hearing loss improvement and investigated the relation between presence of vertigo in ALHL patients and ALHL progression to Ménière's disease (MD). Subjects and Methods: We retrospecti

Background and Objectives The effective management of tinnitus should start with an accurate diagnosis, but no concensus has been developed in Korea concerning how to measure the features of tinnitus. This study surveyed otologists in the training hospitals and hospitals specialized in otologic care in Korea to identify the current status in the assessment of patients with tinnitus. Subjects and Method The questionnaire on the assessment of tinnitus was sent by email to otologists in training an

Objectives. Gentamicin (GM) is a commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotic that generates free oxygen radicals within the inner ear, which can cause vestibulo-cochlear toxicity and permanent damage to the sensory hair cells and neurons. Piper longum L. (PL) is a well-known spice and traditional medicine in Asia and Pacific islands, which has been re- ported to exhibit a wide spectrum of activity, including antioxidant activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of hexane:ethanol (2:8) PL extr

Background and Objectives The effective management of subjective tinnitus should start with an accurate diagnosis based on an appropriate classification. Since there is no gold standard for managing subjective tinnitus, clinicians can select from various treatment options after considering the multifactorial etiology of tinnitus. This study surveyed otologists at university hospitals in Korea to identify the treatments used for subjective tinnitus and to obtain basic information on evidence-base

Spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage from infectious causes is extremely rare and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage, although also relatively rare, is an unavoidable complication of the procedure. Hemorrhage in association with tonsillitis or tonsillectomy is potentially dangerous and can be life threatening. We report here the presentation and management of a 42-yr-old man with severe spontaneous hemorrhage from infected tonsils and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. We suggest that if attempts to control

Objectives. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are known to be neurotrophic factors, and they efficiently signal to cells to grow, differentiate and survive. The purpose of study was to identify the expressions of IGFs in mice with salicylate ototoxicity, which is a typical reversible hearing loss model. Methods. The mice were given intraperitoneal injections of salicylate (400 mg/kg) and about a 30 dB threshold shift was achieved at 3 hours. The expressions of IGF-1 and 2 were confirmed by semi

Background and Objectives：Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) comprises a spectrum of airway disorders that range from simple snoring to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In children, SDB can have an effect on the quality of life such as behavior, school performance, emotional distress and daytime function. We aim to verify changes in disease specific health related quality of life before and after adenotonsillectomy in children with SDB. Subjects and Method：Children aged 4 through 15 years old, a tot

Sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss is a disease that develops within several hours to several days. Its etiology has not yet been verified, but the disturbance of the circulation of blood in the inner ear, inner-ear hydrops, and viral infection are considered possible causes of the disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Panax ginseng extract, which is known to have a vasodilatory effect, on sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Sixty-nine patients suffering from sudde