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Adjusting to a continuously changing environment is a key feature of life. For metazoans, environmental changes include alterations in the gut microbiota, which can affect both memory and behavior. The bacteriovorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans discriminates between pathogenic and non-pathogenic food sources, avoiding the consumption of pathogens. Here, we demonstrate the role of the intestine in regulating C. elegans avoidance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa by an insulin-like neuropeptide encode

Veterinary drugs are used to treat livestock and aquatic diseases and thus are introduced into animal-derived foods, endangering consumer health and safety. Antibiotic resistance is rapidly becoming a major worldwide problem, and there has been a steady increase in the number of pathogens that show multi-drug resistance. Illegal and excessive use of veterinary drugs in animals and aquaculture has serious adverse effects on humans and on all other environmental organisms. It is necessary to devel

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which the H2-antagonists ranitidine and famotidine interacted with the paracellular space during their transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Transport experiments with ranitidine and famotidine across Caco-2 cell monolayers were performed to determine the apical-to-basolateral flux at various concentrations. Kinetic analysis of the transport data showed that ranitidine and famotidine were transported by both saturable and nonsatura

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) via metabolic activation by drug-metabolizing enzymes, especially cytochrome P450 (CYP), is a major cause of drug failure and drug withdrawal. In this study, an in vitro model using HepG2 cells in combination with human liver microsomes was developed for the prediction of DILI. The cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide, a model drug for bioactivation, was augmented in HepG2 cells cultured with microsomes in a manner dependent on exposure time, microsomal protein conce

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (BCA) was characterized in male Sprague-Dawley rats as part of the preclinical evaluations for developing this compound as an antitumour agent. BCA was not detected in the plasma following either intravenous or oral dose, whereas its putative metabolites 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (HCA) and o-coumaric acid were present at considerable levels. In separate pharmacokinetics studies, HCA exhibited a high systemic clearance and a large

Generating porcine embryos in vitro is a critical process for creating genetically modified pigs as agricultural and biomedical models; however, these embryo technologies have been scarcely applied by the swine industry. Currently, the primary issue with in vitro -produced porcine embryos is low pregnancy rate after transfer and small litter size, which may be exasperated by micromanipulation procedures. Thus, in this review, we discuss improvements that have been made to the in vitro porcine em

Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one), a flavonoid analog from Scutellaria baicalensis, possesses several pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. We previously reported that baicalein inhibits the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)/TSLP receptor (TSLPR) signaling pathways and can be used as an active ingredient in the treatment of asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, baicalein is rapidly metabolized to baical

The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 4-O-methylhonokiol in rats. The absorption and disposition of 4-O-methylhonokiol were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats following a single intravenous (2 mg/kg) or oral (10 mg/kg) dose. Its metabolism was studied in vitro using rat liver microsomes and cytosol. 4-O-Methylhonokiol exhibited a high systemic plasma clearance and a large volume of distribution. The oral dose gave a peak plasma concentration o

Nontargeted analysis can be used for the rapid screening and confirmatory analysis of veterinary drugs and their metabolites, which are important for the comprehensive safety evaluation of animal-derived foods. Here, a novel nontargeted screening approach based on liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-HR-MS) was developed to determine erythromycin, clarithromycin, and their metabolites in chicken liver microsomes. Erythromycin and cl

Abstract An iodine‐promoted one‐pot synthesis of functionally diverse and highly substituted 4‐aminopyrroles directly from aryl methyl ketones, arylamines, and enamines was developed. The reaction involves in‐situ oxidation of aryl methyl ketone to glyoxal, subsequent imine formation by aniline, followed by nucleophilic addition of enamine, and cyclization to afford highly substituted 4‐aminopyrroles. This reaction involved the formation of two C−N bonds and one C−C bond by a formal [1+1+3] annu