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In the development of heavy-duty vehicles, the design of hydro-pneumatic suspension (HPS) is important for improving various aspects of vehicle performance, such as comfort and stability. An HPS with gas–oil emulsion is advantageous with respect to cost and design compared to that with a separated chamber, because it shares a chamber with gas and oil. This paper presents an optimisation procedure for obtaining the optimal design of HPS with gas–oil emulsion for heavy-duty vehicles. The HPS model

Summary Finding an optimum design that satisfies all performances in a design problem is very challenging. To overcome this problem, multiobjective optimization methods have been researched to obtain Pareto optimum solutions. Among the different methods, the weighted sum method is widely used for its convenience. However, since the different weights do not always guarantee evenly distributed solutions on the Pareto front, the weights need to be determined systematically. Therefore, this paper pr

The material-based homogenization design method generates arbitrary topologies of initial structural design as well as reinforcement structural design by controlling the amount of material available. However, if a small volume constraint is specified in the design of Lightweight structures, thin and slender structures are usually obtained. For these structures stability becomes one of the most important requirements. Thus, to prevent overall buckling (that is, to increase stability), the objecti