[Paper Review] On the Nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Yu. A. Baurov, И. Ф. Малов|ArXiv.org|Oct 16, 2007

Relativity and Gravitational Theory1 references3 citations

TL;DR

This paper proposes that dark matter and dark energy can be explained through the byuon theory, a foundational framework positing that space, time, and physical fields emerge from discrete, vectorial entities called byuons. By unifying gravitational and other field potentials via a fundamental scale $\mathbf{A}_{\Sigma}$, the theory derives inertial and relativistic behavior without forces, offering a novel, force-free explanation for cosmological phenomena including dark matter and dark energy, with key results emerging from the nonlinear, nonlocal dynamics of byuon interactions.

ABSTRACT

It is shown that some problems connected with dark matter and dark energy can be solved in the framework of the byuon theory

Motivation & Objective

• To resolve longstanding problems in cosmology related to dark matter and dark energy by proposing a unified theoretical framework.
• To establish a foundation for a unified field theory based on discrete, unobservable entities called byuons, which generate space, time, and physical fields.
• To explain the observed acceleration of the universe's expansion and the mass discrepancies in galaxy clusters without invoking unknown particles or fields.
• To reformulate relativity and inertia in terms of fundamental scale invariance, eliminating the need for force-based dynamics.

Proposed method

• Postulating the existence of byuons $\mathbf{\Phi}(i)$ as discrete, vectorial, unobservable entities with quantum number $i$, whose states define fundamental physical scales.
• Introducing a total potential $\mathbf{A}_{\Sigma}$ as the sum of all field potentials, including gravity, with $|\mathbf{A}_{\Sigma}| \leq |\mathbf{A}_{g}|$, to unify all interactions in a single, nonlocal, nonlinear framework.
• Deriving inertial and relativistic behavior from the invariance of fundamental scales $x_0$, $ct^*$, and $\tilde{x}_0kNP$ across inertial systems, where these scales remain constant.
• Defining inertial systems as those in which the periods $k, N, P$ of byuon interactions and cosine functions $\cos_{II^{+}II^{+}}$, $\cos_{II^{-}II^{-}}$ are invariant, thus generalizing the relativity principle.
• Replacing force-based dynamics with a description based on changes in fundamental scales, thereby eliminating the need for forces in motion equations.
• Using the hypothesis that all known forces emerge as approximations of a single underlying interaction governed by $\mathbf{A}_{\Sigma}$, with gravity and dark energy arising from scale dynamics.

Experimental results

Research questions

• RQ1 Can dark matter and dark energy be explained without postulating new particles or fields, using only fundamental scale dynamics?
• RQ2 How can the observed acceleration of cosmic expansion and mass discrepancies in clusters be derived from a unified, force-free theory?
• RQ3 What is the role of the byuon as a discrete, unobservable entity in generating space, time, and physical fields?
• RQ4 How does the invariance of fundamental scales in inertial systems lead to a generalized principle of relativity?
• RQ5 Can the cosmological constant and dark energy's equation of state $w \approx -1$ emerge naturally from the byuon theory’s scale-based formalism?

Key findings

• The byuon theory provides a unified framework in which dark matter and dark energy arise as consequences of the nonlinear, nonlocal dynamics of fundamental scale interactions, without requiring new particles.
• The theory explains the observed mass discrepancy in galaxy clusters and the rotation curves of galaxies through the emergent gravitational potential $\varphi_1$ and a repulsive potential $\varphi_2$ at large distances, leading to stable, accelerated expansion.
• The equation of state for dark energy is naturally consistent with $w \approx -1$, corresponding to a constant energy density, derived from the invariance of the fundamental scale $x_0$ in inertial systems.
• The theory predicts that all known forces, including gravity, emerge as asymptotic approximations of a single underlying interaction governed by $\mathbf{A}_{\Sigma}$, resolving the problem of unified field theory.
• Inertial motion is explained not by forces but by the constancy of fundamental scales $x_0$, $ct^*$, and $\tilde{x}_0kNP$ across reference frames, generalizing the relativity principle.
• The absence of detectable long-range forces from light scalar fields (e.g., quintessence) is explained by the fact that such fields are not fundamental but emerge from scale dynamics, avoiding observable interactions.