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[论文解读] The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey - II. Multiwavelength Photometric analysis of 1.1mm continuum sources in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223

Nicolas Laporte, F. E. Bauer|HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)|Jun 29, 2017
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena参考文献 72被引用 11
一句话总结

本研究利用ALMA 1.1 mm连续谱数据以及深空HST、Spitzer、VLT和Herschel观测,对三个宇宙视场场星系团(阿贝尔2744、MACSJ0416、MACSJ1149)中的12个亚毫米波选的星系进行了多波段测光分析。结果表明,这些源为红移z ≈ 1.99的高密度、高恒星形成率的星系,其恒星质量、尘埃质量均较大,该结论通过测光红移和GLASS巡天的光谱确认得到验证。

ABSTRACT

[abridged] The Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope surveys of the Frontier Fields (FF) provide extremely deep images around six massive, strong-lensing clusters of galaxies. The ALMA FF survey aims to cover the same fields at 1.1mm, with maps reaching (unlensed) sensitivities of $$5$σ$) sources in the first three FF clusters observed by ALMA, based on data from Hubble and Spitzer, the VLT and Herschel. We measure the total photometry in all available bands and determine the photometric redshifts and the physical properties of the counterparts via SED-fitting. In particular, we carefully estimate the FIR photometry using 1.1mm priors to limit the misidentification of blended FIR counterparts, which strongly affect some flux estimates in previous FIR catalogs. We identify robust near-infrared (NIR) counterparts for all 11 sources with K$_s$ detection, the majority of which are quite red, with eight having $F814W-K_s\gtrsim 4$ and five having $F160W-[4.5]\gtrsim3$. From the FIR point of view, all our objects have $z_{phot}$$\sim$1--3, whereas based on the optical SED one object prefers a high-$z$ solution ($z\geq\ $7). Five objects among our sample have spectroscopic redshifts from the GLASS survey for which we can reproduce their SEDs with existing templates. This verification confirms the validity of our photometric redshift methodology. The mean redshift of our sample is $z_{phot}$=1.99$\pm$0.27. All 1.1mm selected objects are massive (10.0$ \approx$1.6) and high dust contents (8.1 $

研究动机与目标

  • 利用多波段测光识别并表征三个哈勃宇宙视场场星系团中的1.1 mm连续谱源。
  • 通过应用1.1 mm先验条件改进亚毫米波段的远红外测光,以减少混淆区域中远红外对应体的误判。
  • 通过使用包含活动星系核和超亮红外星系模板的多样化模板进行SED拟合,确定测光红移及物理性质(恒星质量、恒星形成率、尘埃质量)。
  • 利用GLASS巡天的光谱红移数据验证测光红移方法的可靠性。
  • 将ALMA探测到的源与相同红移范围内紫外波段和亚毫米波段选源的性质进行比较。

提出的方法

  • 在HST/WFC3、Spitzer/IRAC、VLT和Herschel/SPIRE波段测量多波段测光,以构建完整的SED。
  • 通过最小化观测SED与模型模板之间的χ²ν来推导测光红移,对远红外波段测光采用1.1 mm先验条件,以减少去混淆误差。
  • 利用MAGPHYS SED拟合工具,结合广泛模板和消光(0.0 < Av < 20.0)估算恒星质量、恒星形成率(SFR)和尘埃质量。
  • 利用GLASS巡天的光谱红移数据验证测光红移估计结果。
  • 通过形态学和颜色比较,区分ALMA选源与莱曼断裂星系及Lyα发射体。
  • 利用宇宙视场场计划提供的引力透镜模型校正源位置和流量。
Figure 1 : Thumbnail images of the optical/NIR counterpart for each ALMA $>$ 5 $\sigma$ source. Image sizes are 9″ $\times$ 9″. From left to right, the columns denote HST filters $F435W$ , $F606W$ , $F814W$ , $F105W$ , $F125W$ , $F140W$ , and $F160W$ , Spitzer IRAC filters 3.6 $\mu$ m and 4.5 $\mu$
Figure 1 : Thumbnail images of the optical/NIR counterpart for each ALMA $>$ 5 $\sigma$ source. Image sizes are 9″ $\times$ 9″. From left to right, the columns denote HST filters $F435W$ , $F606W$ , $F814W$ , $F105W$ , $F125W$ , $F140W$ , and $F160W$ , Spitzer IRAC filters 3.6 $\mu$ m and 4.5 $\mu$

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1宇宙视场场星系团中1.1 mm选源的测光红移及物理性质(恒星质量、SFR、尘埃质量)为何?
  • RQ2使用1.1 mm先验条件在多大程度上提高了远红外测光的可靠性,并减少了在重叠区域的误判?
  • RQ3结合近红外与远红外SED拟合得到的测光红移与GLASS巡天的光谱红移在多大程度上一致?
  • RQ4ALMA探测源的性质与相同红移范围内紫外波段和亚毫米波段选源相比如何?
  • RQ5ALMA选源是否与红移z ≈ 1–3的高密度、高尘埃含量星形成星系一致?

主要发现

  • 所有12个ALMA 1.1 mm源均与近红外对应体可靠关联,其中80%显示F814W-Ks > 4,50%显示F160W-[4.5] > 3,表明颜色极为红。
  • 样本的平均测光红移为z_phot = 1.99 ± 0.27,红移范围为1.0–2.9,与现象学模型一致。
  • 五个来自GLASS巡天的光谱红移源与测光红移估计高度一致,验证了方法的可靠性。
  • 恒星质量范围为10.0 < log[M⋆/M☉] < 11.5,平均值为10.82 ± 0.40,表明为大质量星系。
  • 恒星形成率较高,⟨log[SFR/(M☉ yr⁻¹)]⟩ ≈ 1.6,尘埃质量范围为8.1 < log[M_dust/M☉] < 8.8。
  • ALMA选源即使在低恒星形成率下也更紧凑且与紫外选源(如莱曼断裂星系和Lyα发射体)明显不同,表明紫外与亚毫米波段选样本之间存在持久的差异。
Figure 2 : HST color image (F814W as blue, F125W as green, and F160W as red) showing the NW corner of the galaxy cluster A2744. The red squares denote the FIR counterparts found by Rawle et al. ( 2016 ) , while the yellow circles correspond to the ALMA detected sources. The green, cyan, and magenta
Figure 2 : HST color image (F814W as blue, F125W as green, and F160W as red) showing the NW corner of the galaxy cluster A2744. The red squares denote the FIR counterparts found by Rawle et al. ( 2016 ) , while the yellow circles correspond to the ALMA detected sources. The green, cyan, and magenta

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