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[论文解读] A symmetry principle for gauge theories with fractons

Yuji Hirono, Minyoung You|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 2, 2022
Quantum many-body systems参考文献 65被引用 8
一句话总结

本文引入了非均匀高形式对称性——其守恒电荷与空间平移不对易的连续对称性——作为构建无能隙分形子物相的统一原理。通过规范化这些对称性,作者推导出有效场论,实现了已知的分形子模型(如标量与矢量电荷规范理论),其运动限制由对称代数结构决定。关键结果是:分形子行为作为非均匀1形式对称性自发对称性破缺的后果而出现,无能隙模式被识别为Nambu–Goldstone模式,其中部分模式通过高形式反Higgs机制获得能隙。

ABSTRACT

Fractonic phases are new phases of matter that host excitations with restricted mobility. We show that a certain class of gapless fractonic phases are realized as a result of spontaneous breaking of continuous higher-form symmetries whose conserved charges do not commute with spatial translations. We refer to such symmetries as nonuniform higher-form symmetries. These symmetries fall within the standard definition of higher-form symmetries in quantum field theory, and the corresponding symmetry generators are topological. Worldlines of particles are regarded as the charged objects of 1-form symmetries, and mobility restrictions can be implemented by introducing additional 1-form symmetries whose generators do not commute with spatial translations. These features are realized by effective field theories associated with spontaneously broken nonuniform 1-form symmetries. At low energies, the theories reduce to known higher-rank gauge theories such as scalar/vector charge gauge theories, and the gapless excitations in these theories are interpreted as Nambu--Goldstone modes for higher-form symmetries. Due to the nonuniformity of the symmetry, some of the modes acquire a gap, which is the higher-form analogue of the inverse Higgs mechanism of spacetime symmetries. The gauge theories have emergent nonuniform magnetic symmetries, and some of the magnetic monopoles become fractonic. We identify the 't~Hooft anomalies of the nonuniform higher-form symmetries and the corresponding bulk symmetry-protected topological phases. By this method, the mobility restrictions are fully determined by the choice of the commutation relations of charges with translations. This approach allows us to view existing (gapless) fracton models such as the scalar/vector charge gauge theories and their variants from a unified perspective and enables us to engineer theories with desired mobility restrictions.

研究动机与目标

  • 建立一个统一的场论框架,以理解无能隙分形子物相。
  • 阐明非均匀高形式对称性(其电荷与空间动量不对易)在生成分形子运动限制中的作用。
  • 将已知的分形子模型(如标量与矢量电荷规范理论)作为非均匀1形式对称性自发破缺的低能极限推导出来。
  • 将分形子的运动结构与对称性电荷和空间动量之间的对易关系联系起来。
  • 识别与非均匀高形式对称性相关的't Hooft异常及相应的体SPT物相。

提出的方法

  • 提出一类连续高形式对称性,其守恒电荷与空间平移不满足对易关系,称为非均匀高形式对称性。
  • 通过规范化U(1)与偶极1形式对称性构建有效场论,其中规范场通过特定代数结构耦合。
  • 利用规范场论的低能极限恢复已知的高阶规范理论,如标量/矢量电荷规范理论。
  • 将无能隙模式识别为自发破缺1形式对称性产生的Nambu–Goldstone模式,其中部分模式因对称性的非均匀性而获得能隙。
  • 在高形式背景下应用反Higgs机制,以解释特定模式的能隙生成机制。
  • 计算't Hooft异常,并推导相应的体SPT作用量,以表征对称保护拓扑序。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1如何在规范场论中,通过对称性原理系统地推导分形子的运动限制?
  • RQ2非均匀高形式对称性(其电荷与空间平移不满足对易关系)在实现分形子物相中起什么作用?
  • RQ3对称性电荷与空间动量之间的对易关系如何决定分形子运动的结构?
  • RQ4非均匀1形式对称性的自发破缺以何种方式导致已知的分形子模型(如标量与矢量电荷规范理论)?
  • RQ5非均匀高形式对称性的't Hooft异常与体SPT物相之间存在何种联系?

主要发现

  • 由于非均匀高形式对称性的自发破缺,产生具有运动限制的分形子物相,其守恒电荷与空间平移不满足对易关系。
  • 所得规范理论中的无能隙模式被识别为自发破缺1形式对称性产生的Nambu–Goldstone模式。
  • 由于对称性的非均匀性,部分Nambu–Goldstone模式获得能隙,类似于时空对称性中的反Higgs机制。
  • 低能有效理论重现了已知的标量与矢量电荷规范理论,其运动结构完全由对称性电荷代数决定。
  • 理论中涌现出非均匀磁对称性,且某些磁单极子因对称性结构而成为分形子。
  • 计算了非均匀高形式对称性的't Hooft异常,并推导出相应的体SPT作用量,将异常与拓扑序联系起来。

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