[Paper Review] A Possible Universal Model without Singularity and its Explanation for Evolution of the Universe

Shihao Chen|arXiv (Cornell University)|Nov 22, 2006

Cosmology and Gravitation Theories3 references3 citations

TL;DR

This paper proposes a singularity-free cosmological model based on symmetric s-particles and v-particles, with S-space and V-space differing only in Higgs field expectation values. It explains cosmic acceleration, inflation, and dark energy as emergent from mutual repulsion and phase transitions, yielding a universe without initial singularity and predicting observable effects like mass redshifts and concave-lens-like cavities.

ABSTRACT

New hypotheses are proposed that there are s-particles and v-particles which are symmetric and mutually repulsive, there are S-space and V-space whose essential difference is only that their expectation values of the Higgs fields are different. In S-space the S-SU(5) symmetry is broken into S-SU(3)XU(1), and V-SU(5) symmetry still holds. As a consequence, s-particles get their masses determined by the SU(5) GUT and form the S-world, and v-particles are all massless and form SU(5) colour-single states which are identified with dark energy. The following results are obtained. There is no spacetime singularty, and there is the highest temperature in the universe. The creating process of one world is just the annihilating process of the other world in the highest temperature. A formula which well describes the luminous distance and redshift is obtained. The results of the Guth's inflationary scenario are obtained. Decelerated expanding early stage and accelerated expanding now stage of the universe are explained. New predictions are follows. Some huge cavities in V-space are not empty, in which there is s-matter with larger density, and are equivalent to huge concave lenses. The given tharacters of some huge cavities are well explained. The gravitation between two galaxies distant enough will lesser than that predicted by the conventional theory. A possible explanation for the big redshift of quasi-stellar objects is presented. Huge redshifts of quasars are mass redshifts. The universe is composed of infinite universal islands. It is possible that there is a new annihilating mode of black holes with their very huge masses, and there are very huge white holes which are different from that predicted by conventional theory.

Motivation & Objective

• To resolve the spacetime singularity problem in standard cosmology by introducing symmetric, mutually repulsive s-particles and v-particles.
• To explain the observed accelerated expansion of the universe without invoking a cosmological constant or fine-tuned dark energy.
• To unify early deceleration and late-time acceleration within a single framework based on phase transitions and symmetry breaking.
• To provide a mechanism for dark energy as massless v-particles in V-space, distinct from conventional vacuum energy.
• To predict novel astrophysical phenomena such as mass redshifts in quasars and non-empty, lens-like cavities in the universe.

Proposed method

• Introduces two symmetric particle types—s-particles (massive, forming visible matter) and v-particles (massless, forming dark energy)—with distinct Higgs field expectation values in S-space and V-space.
• Applies SU(5) GUT symmetry breaking: S-SU(5) breaks to S-SU(3)×U(1), while V-SU(5) remains unbroken, giving s-particles mass and leaving v-particles massless.
• Models the universe as cycling between contracting and inflating phases, with the highest temperature marking a phase transition where S-world and V-world annihilate and recreate.
• Derives modified Friedmann equations with k(ρ) as a function of energy density, allowing dynamic curvature and explaining both decelerated and accelerated expansion.
• Introduces a redshift mechanism based on repulsive potential energy and mass-dependent shifts, distinct from standard Doppler or cosmological redshift.
• Uses a time-dependent k(ρ) function to model transitions between open, flat, and closed geometries, with k=±1 or 0 depending on net energy density ρ=ρ_v−ρ_s.

Experimental results

Research questions

• RQ1 Can a universe without spacetime singularity be constructed using symmetric, mutually repulsive matter sectors?
• RQ2 How can the observed transition from decelerated to accelerated expansion be explained without a cosmological constant?
• RQ3 What is the origin of dark energy in this model, and how does it relate to massless v-particles in V-space?
• RQ4 Can quasar redshifts be explained as mass redshifts rather than cosmological or Doppler shifts?
• RQ5 What are the observable signatures of v-matter in large-scale voids, and how do they affect gravitational lensing?

Key findings

• The model predicts a maximum temperature in the universe, eliminating spacetime singularities and replacing the Big Bang with a phase transition between S-world and V-world.
• The luminous distance-redshift relation derived matches observational data without requiring dark energy or a cosmological constant.
• The model reproduces the inflationary scenario of Guth, including a period of rapid expansion following reheating after the highest-temperature phase.
• The universe exhibits a decelerated expansion phase early on and an accelerated phase now, explained by the dynamic curvature k(ρ) and energy density evolution.
• Huge cavities in S-space are predicted to contain v-matter, acting as concave lenses that can explain observed large-scale structures and lensing anomalies.
• Gravitational attraction between distant galaxies is predicted to be weaker than in standard general relativity due to repulsive v-matter effects.