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[论文解读] Coloring Down: $3/2$-approximation for special cases of the weighted tree augmentation problem

Jennifer Iglesias, R. Ravi|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 17, 2017
Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs参考文献 15被引用 10
一句话总结

本文提出了两种新颖的自顶向下着色算法,用于加权树增强问题(TAP),通过利用结构化的分数线性规划(LP)解并添加有效约束,在特定情况下实现了3/2-近似。证明了仅含叶节点间边的二叉树已足够,并表明在强化LP的极值点中,有缺陷的边会形成节点不相交的路径,从而支持通过凸组合分解实现3/2-近似,当此类路径不超过两条时成立。

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we investigate the weighted tree augmentation problem (TAP), where the goal is to augment a tree with a minimum cost set of edges such that the graph becomes two edge connected. First we show that in weighted TAP, we can restrict our attention to trees which are binary and where all the non-tree edges go between two leaves of the tree. We then give two different top-down coloring algorithms. Both algorithms differ from known techniques for a 3/2-approximation in unweighted TAP and current attempts to reach a 3/2-approximation for weighted TAP. The first algorithm we describe always gives a 2-approximation for any feasible fractional solution to the natural edge cover LP. When the fractional solution is such that all the edges with non-zero weight are at least $α$, then this algorithm achieves a $2/(1+α)$-approximation. We propose a new conjecture on extreme points of LP relaxations for the problem, which if true, will lead to a constructive proof of an integrality gap of at most 3/2 for weighted TAP. In the second algorithm, we introduce simple valid constraints to the edge cover LP. In this algorithm, we focus on deficient edges, edges covered to an extent less than 4/3 in the fractional solution. We show that for fractional feasible solutions, deficient edges occur in node-disjoint paths in the tree. When the number of such paths is at most two, we give a top-down coloring algorithm which decomposes 3/2 times the fractional solution into a convex combination of integer solutions. We believe our algorithms will be useful in eventually resolving the integrality gap of linear programming formulations for TAP. We also investigate a variant of TAP where each edge in the solution must be covered by a cycle of length three. We give a $Θ(\log n)$-approximation algorithm for this problem in the weighted case and a 4-approximation in the unweighted case.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发加权树增强问题(TAP)的改进近似算法,该问题在2-近似之外仍为未解难题。
  • 解决长期悬而未决的开放问题:确定自然树割覆盖LP在TAP中的整数规划间隙。
  • 研究一种变体的复杂性,其中每条解边必须位于一个三角形中(即3TAP),特别是在加权与无权情形下。
  • 提供构造性方法,将分数LP解分解为整数解的凸组合,以实现更紧的近似保证。
  • 通过引入新有效约束(特别是度为3的顶点处的节点约束)强化LP松弛,以改善整数规划间隙的界。

提出的方法

  • 作者首先将任意TAP实例简化为仅含叶节点间边的等价二叉树,简化分析并获得结构洞见。
  • 提出一种自顶向下着色算法,从自然EDGE-LP的任意可行分数解出发,保证实现2-近似。
  • 当分数解中所有非零边权至少为α时,该算法可实现(2/(1+α))-近似,且随着α增大而性能提升。
  • 第二种算法通过引入节点约束(NODE-LP)强化EDGE-LP,确保每个内部度为3的节点至少有两条边被其关联边覆盖。
  • 算法聚焦于“有缺陷的边”——即在分数解中覆盖度小于4/3的边,并证明在强化LP的极值点中,此类边会形成节点不相交的路径。
  • 对于至多存在两条此类有缺陷路径的实例,该算法可构造整数解的凸组合,其值至多为分数解的3/2倍,从而实现3/2-近似。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否通过新型基于LP的舍入技术,对加权树增强问题的特殊情形实现3/2-近似?
  • RQ2强化LP松弛(NODE-LP)的极值点具有何种结构特性,特别是关于有缺陷边的分布?
  • RQ3当存在至多两条节点不相交的有缺陷边路径时,是否可通过凸组合分解实现构造性3/2-近似?
  • RQ4能否通过引入新有效约束与基于着色的舍入方案,将自然EDGE-LP的整数规划间隙界限定为3/2?
  • RQ5在每条解边必须属于一个三角形的3TAP变体中,其近似复杂性如何?

主要发现

  • 本文证明,任何加权TAP实例均可无损地简化为仅含叶节点间边的二叉树。
  • 第一种着色算法可从任意可行分数解出发实现2-近似;当解中所有非零边权至少为α时,近似比提升至(2/(1+α))。
  • 对于强化后的NODE-LP,作者证明:在极值点中,覆盖度小于4/3的有缺陷边会形成节点不相交的路径。
  • 当此类有缺陷路径不超过两条时,算法可构造出至多为分数解1.5倍的整数解凸组合,从而实现3/2-近似。
  • 本文证明,加权3TAP在NP ⊆ P不成立的前提下,近似难度至少为Ω(log n),与集合覆盖问题的已知下界一致。
  • 对于无权3TAP,本文提出一种简单的贪心算法,实现4-近似,并证明任何可行解的代价至少为(n−1)/2。

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