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[论文解读] Estonian Voting Verification Mechanism Revisited

Koksal Mus, Mehmet Sabi̇r Kiraz|arXiv (Cornell University)|Dec 2, 2016
Advanced Malware Detection Techniques参考文献 9被引用 6
一句话总结

本文提出了一种针对爱沙尼亚i-voting系统的隐私保护验证机制,可防止验证设备在被攻破时获取选民的选择。通过使用对称加密隐藏验证参数,并仅让选民确认验证码的简短随机后缀,该方法在仅增加每轮验证m次对称解密的计算开销下,确保了投票隐私并保持了高效性。

ABSTRACT

After the Estonian Parliamentary Elections held in 2011, an additional verification mechanism was integrated into the i-voting system in order to resist corrupted voting devices, including the so called Student's Attack where a student practically showed that the voting system is indeed not verifiable by developing several versions of malware capable of blocking or even changing the vote. This mechanism gives voters the opportunity to verify whether the vote they cast is stored in the central system correctly. However, the verification phase ends by displaying the cast vote in plain form on the verification device. In other words, the device on which the verification is done learns the voter's choice. In this work, our aim is to investigate this verification phase in detail and to point out that leaking the voter's choice to the verification application may harm the voter privacy. Additionally, when applied in a wide range, this would even compromise the fairness and the overall secrecy of the elections. In this respect, we propose an alternative verification mechanism for the Estonian i-voting system to overcome this vulnerability. Not only is the proposed mechanism secure and resistant against corrupted verification devices, so does it successfully verify whether the vote is correctly stored in the system. We also highlight that our proposed mechanism brings only symmetric encryptions and hash functions on the verification device, thereby mitigating these weaknesses in an efficient way with a negligible cost. More concretely, it brings only $m$ additional symmetric key decryptions to the verification device, where $m$ denoting the number of candidates. Finally, we prove the security of the proposed verification mechanism and compare the cost complexity of the proposed method with that of the current mechanism.

研究动机与目标

  • 识别爱沙尼亚i-voting验证机制中一个关键的隐私漏洞:当验证设备被攻破时,会以明文形式获取选民的实际投票。
  • 解决验证设备被攻破后可能泄露选民隐私的风险,特别是当设备由选民拥有和控制时。
  • 设计一种新的验证机制,即使验证设备被攻破,也能保护投票隐私,且不依赖额外的后通道通信。
  • 确保新机制在保持强安全保证的同时,具备实际应用中的安全性和可用性。
  • 证明所提出的解决方案在计算开销极低的前提下,同时实现了隐私保护和可验证性。

提出的方法

  • 所提出的机制使用对称加密生成隐藏实际投票的验证参数,防止验证设备获取信息。
  • 每个验证参数被拆分为左半部分(由选民随机生成)和右半部分(由选举机构提供),仅右半部分向选民显示。
  • 选民仅需确认验证码的最后32位(4个可打印字符),这些位在所有候选人之间不可区分,以保护隐私。
  • 验证过程通过哈希函数和对称密钥解密,确保正确投票被密码学地绑定到验证参数。
  • 系统使用一次非对称加密进行选民身份认证,每轮验证仅增加m次对称解密,显著降低对验证设备的信任。
  • 协议设计确保即使验证设备被攻破,也无法通过验证参数的不可区分性判断出所选候选人。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1当前爱沙尼亚i-voting验证机制是否可通过被攻破的验证设备,以明文形式获取选民的实际投票?
  • RQ2是否可以设计一种验证机制,即使验证设备完全被攻击者控制,也能保护投票隐私?
  • RQ3如何在不向验证设备泄露投票信息的前提下,保持验证功能,同时确保方案的高效性和可用性?
  • RQ4在客户端验证模型中,实现隐私保护验证所需的最小密码学开销是多少?
  • RQ5是否可以优化验证流程,以减少用户认知负担,同时确保强隐私保障?

主要发现

  • 当前爱沙尼亚i-voting验证机制会将选民的实际投票泄露给验证设备,即使设备由选民拥有,也违反了隐私原则。
  • 所提出的机制通过使用对称加密隐藏验证参数,防止任何投票信息泄露给验证设备。
  • 系统确保所有验证参数对验证者不可区分,即使设备被攻破,也能保护投票隐私。
  • 该机制仅需在验证设备上增加m次额外的对称解密,其中m为候选人数量,计算效率高。
  • 协议对幽灵点击攻击(Ghost Click Attack)具有安全性,且不依赖额外的后通道通信,提升了实用性。
  • 通过仅显示每个验证参数的最后32位(4个可打印字符),提升了可用性,使选民能直观确认正确投票,而不会暴露敏感信息。

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