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[论文解读] High-mass X-ray Binaries

Francesca M. Fornasini, Vallia Antoniou|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 4, 2023
Astrophysical Phenomena and ObservationsPhysics and Astronomy被引用 3
一句话总结

本文综述了大质量X射线双星(HMXBs),重点关注大质量O/B星或Be星作为伴星的中子星风吸积系统。研究发现,大麦哲伦云和尤其是小麦哲伦云中的HMXB群体因金属丰度低和近期恒星形成而表现出Be X射线双星的过量,且在低金属丰度环境中,HMXB的X射线光度函数在高光度端趋于平坦,表明HMXB形成效率提高。

ABSTRACT

Binary systems in which a neutron star or black hole accretes material from a high-mass star are known as high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs). This chapter provides a brief introduction to the physics of wind accretion and an observational view of HMXBs, including their classification, X-ray spectra, X-ray variability, orbital and compact object properties, as well as studies of Galactic and Magellanic HMXB populations. Two classes of X-ray sources whose possible connections to HMXBs have been debated, ultraluminous X-ray sources and gamma-ray binaries, are also discussed. Approximately 300 HMXBs residing either in the Milky Way or the Magellanic Clouds have been discovered. The majority of these HMXBs host wind-accreting neutron stars. Their X-ray properties depend both on the interaction of the accreting material with the neutron star's strong magnetic field and the properties of the donor star's wind. Most HMXBs are classified as either supergiant XBs or Be XBs based on the spectral type of the donor star; these classes exhibit different patterns of X-ray variability and occupy different phase space in diagrams of neutron star spin versus orbital period. While studies of HMXBs in the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds find that their luminosity functions have similar shapes, an overabundance of Be XBs in the Small Magellanic Cloud points to important variations of the HMXB population with metallicity and age.

研究动机与目标

  • 综合当前对大质量X射线双星(HMXBs)的理解,特别是那些通过大质量伴星恒星风吸积的HMXBs。
  • 研究金属丰度和恒星群体年龄对HMXB形成与演化的影响,特别是在低金属丰度环境(如小麦哲伦云)中的影响。
  • 比较银河系、大麦哲伦云、小麦哲伦云及其他近邻星系中的HMXB群体,分析光度函数和变异性模式。
  • 探讨HMXBs在早期宇宙过程中的作用,如再电离时期星际气体的加热。
  • 评估HMXBs与其他极端源(包括超亮X射线源和伽马射线双星)之间的关联。

提出的方法

  • 系统性回顾银河系和大、小麦哲伦云中X射线巡天的观测数据,包括INTEGRAL和Chandra的观测结果。
  • 分析X射线光 light curves、光谱和轨道参数,将HMXBs分类为超巨星和Be X射线双星亚型。
  • 比较不同金属丰度下的HMXB光度函数(XLFs),使用Fortin等(2023)、Antoniou与Zezas(2016)以及Lehmer等(2021)的数据。
  • 利用蒙特卡洛双星演化模拟(如Dray 2006;Linden等 2010)建模HMXB形成效率随金属丰度和恒星形成以来时间的变化。
  • 评估自转周期、轨道周期和X射线变异性模式,以区分Be X射线双星与超巨星X射线双星。
  • 将理论模型与多波段观测相结合,评估HMXBs在宇宙再电离和引力波前身体通道中的作用。
Figure 1: Schematic view of the accretion geometry in a typical HMXB. Lower left: Simulation of the stellar wind density by Blondin et al. ( 1990 ) showing the formation of an accretion wake and a photoionization wake due to the orbital motion and X-ray emission of the accreting neutron star. See §
Figure 1: Schematic view of the accretion geometry in a typical HMXB. Lower left: Simulation of the stellar wind density by Blondin et al. ( 1990 ) showing the formation of an accretion wake and a photoionization wake due to the orbital motion and X-ray emission of the accreting neutron star. See §

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1金属丰度在多大程度上影响大质量X射线双星的形成效率和光度函数?
  • RQ2为何小麦哲伦云中Be X射线双星的比例显著高于银河系?
  • RQ3仅靠金属丰度和年龄在多大程度上能解释小麦哲伦云中观测到的HMXB群体?
  • RQ4与银河系相比,低金属丰度环境(如SMC和LMC)中HMXB的X射线光度函数有何不同?
  • RQ5早期一代HMXBs对再电离时期星际气体加热的贡献有多大?

主要发现

  • 迄今已在银河系和大、小麦哲伦云中发现约300个HMXBs,其中绝大多数为风吸积中子星系统。
  • 小麦哲伦云中的HMXB群体表现出Be X射线双星的显著过量,已识别出约70个,而确认的超巨星X射线双星仅两个。
  • 小麦哲伦云中HMXB的形成效率在星暴后约40–60 Myr达到峰值,估计比LMC高约17倍,主要由低金属丰度和近期恒星形成驱动。
  • HMXB的X射线光度函数(XLF)在高光度端随金属丰度降低而趋于平坦,在低金属丰度环境(如SMC)中可延伸至更高光度。
  • SMC中高于10^37 erg s^-1的观测XLF与其它低金属丰度星系的XLF一致,支持金属丰度驱动的明亮HMXB形成增强。
  • 理论模型表明,仅靠金属丰度无法再现SMC中HMXBs的观测轨道周期分布,必须引入约30–100 Myr前的强烈恒星形成爆发才能与观测匹配。
Figure 2: Schematic view of a magnetized NS interacting with the inflowing matter from its high-mass stellar companion. Different accretion regimes are shown, together with the relative position of the magnetospheric radius $R_{M}$ (solid line), the corotation radius $R_{\mathrm{co}}$ (dashed line),
Figure 2: Schematic view of a magnetized NS interacting with the inflowing matter from its high-mass stellar companion. Different accretion regimes are shown, together with the relative position of the magnetospheric radius $R_{M}$ (solid line), the corotation radius $R_{\mathrm{co}}$ (dashed line),

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