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[论文解读] Interpretable Outcome Prediction with Sparse Bayesian Neural Networks in Intensive Care

Anna-Lena Popkes, Hiske Overweg|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 12, 2019
Machine Learning in Healthcare参考文献 61被引用 22
一句话总结

本文提出了一种稀疏贝叶斯神经网络,结合人工神经网络的预测灵活性与通过特征选择实现的可解释性。通过应用绑定的、促进稀疏性的先验分布,该模型识别出对重症监护病房(ICU)患者死亡率预测具有临床相关性的变量,为临床医生提供准确的结果预测以及可操作的特征重要性洞察。

ABSTRACT

Clinical decision making is challenging because of pathological complexity, as well as large amounts of heterogeneous data generated as part of routine clinical care. In recent years, machine learning tools have been developed to aid this process. Intensive care unit (ICU) admissions represent the most data dense and time-critical patient care episodes. In this context, prediction models may help clinicians determine which patients are most at risk and prioritize care. However, flexible tools such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) suffer from a lack of interpretability limiting their acceptability to clinicians. In this work, we propose a novel interpretable Bayesian neural network architecture which offers both the flexibility of ANNs and interpretability in terms of feature selection. In particular, we employ a sparsity inducing prior distribution in a tied manner to learn which features are important for outcome prediction. We evaluate our approach on the task of mortality prediction using two real-world ICU cohorts. In collaboration with clinicians we found that, in addition to the predicted outcome results, our approach can provide novel insights into the importance of different clinical measurements. This suggests that our model can support medical experts in their decision making process.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决由于数据复杂性和异质性导致的重症监护病房(ICUs)临床决策挑战。
  • 克服传统人工神经网络(ANNs)缺乏可解释性的问题,从而限制临床医生的信任与采纳。
  • 开发一种机器学习模型,在保持ANN预测能力的同时,实现透明的特征重要性识别。
  • 使临床医生能够获得关于哪些临床指标最影响患者预后预测的新见解。

提出的方法

  • 采用贝叶斯神经网络架构以建模不确定性,并在ICU结局预测中支持概率预测。
  • 以绑定方式在网络权重上应用促进稀疏性的先验分布,以鼓励特征级别的稀疏性。
  • 使用变分推断近似网络权重的后验分布,从而实现高效训练与解释。
  • 利用所得的稀疏权重结构识别并排序对死亡率预测最具影响力的临床特征。
  • 在两个真实世界的ICU队列上训练并评估模型,以确保其鲁棒性与临床相关性。
  • 与临床医生合作,验证特征重要性排序的可解释性及其临床合理性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1稀疏贝叶斯神经网络是否能在ICU死亡率预测中实现高性能预测,同时实现特征级别的可解释性?
  • RQ2该模型识别出的最重要临床特征有哪些?这些特征是否与临床专业知识一致?
  • RQ3该模型的可解释性如何支持临床医生理解并信任预测过程?
  • RQ4促进稀疏性的先验是否能有效识别出相关特征,同时不牺牲预测准确性?

主要发现

  • 所提出的模型在两个真实世界的ICU队列中对死亡率预测均表现出强劲的预测性能。
  • 促进稀疏性的先验成功识别出一小部分具有临床意义的特征,作为结果预测中最相关的因素。
  • 临床医生协作确认,所识别的特征与既有的临床知识和病理生理学推理一致。
  • 除了预测准确性外,该模型还为不同临床测量指标的相对重要性提供了新见解。
  • 该模型的可解释性通过突出预测结果的关键驱动因素,支持临床决策。
  • 绑定稀疏性机制实现了多层间一致的特征选择,提升了模型的透明度。

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