[论文解读] Pricing Agreement between Service and Content Providers: A Net Neutrality Issue
本文通过建模互联网用户与内容提供商(CPs)之间的层级博弈,分析了ISP与CP之间的定价协议。研究发现,此类协议通过降低用户感知的接入成本,减少了用户支出,但出人意料的是,尽管用户收益改善,CP的收入反而下降,凸显了净流量中立性中的权衡:用户受益,但内容提供商未受益。
The Net Neutrality issue has been at the center of debate worldwide lately. Some countries have established laws so that principles of Net Neutrality are respected, the Netherlands being the latest country in Europe. Among the questions that have been discussed in these debates are whether to allow agreements between service and content providers, i.e. to allow some preferential treatment by an operator to traffic from some subset of providers. Our goal in this paper is to analyze the impact of non neutral pricing and agreements on the Internet users and on the content providers. Each one of several Internet users have to decide in which way to split their demand among several content providers. The cost for an Internet user depends on whether the content providers have an agreement with the Internet Service Provider in which the Internet user is connected to. In addition, the requests coming from users depend on the preference of the consumer in the different CP. We model the choice of how to split the demands and the pricing aspects faced by the content providers as a hierarchical game model composed of a congestion game at the lower level and a noncooperative pricing game at the upper level. We show that agreement between providers have a positive impact on the equilibrium performance of the Internet users. We further show that at equilibrium, the content provider on the contrary, does not benefit from the agreement.
研究动机与目标
- 研究互联网服务提供商(ISPs)与内容提供商(CPs)之间定价协议对互联网用户和CPs的经济影响。
- 将用户需求拆分与CP定价建模为具有拥塞和非合作定价的两级层级博弈。
- 评估此类协议是否改善或损害用户体验及CP盈利能力。
- 研究在中立与非中立市场结构下,均衡结果的差异。
提出的方法
- 将用户需求拆分建模为具有拥塞依赖成本的原子自私路由博弈。
- 引入两级层级博弈:下层为拥塞博弈(用户路由),上层为非合作定价博弈(CPs设定价格)。
- 使用显式成本与收益函数:用户成本 $ C_n(ℓ{x},ℓ{p}) = \phi^2 a N $,CP收益 $ \Pi_m(ℓ{p},ℓ{x}) = (N-1)\phi^2 a $。
- 比较存在与不存在ISP-CP协议下的均衡结果,其中协议使ISP订阅用户获得免费接入。
- 采用多项式不等式的代数分析,证明协议结果在用户成本与CP收益比较中占优。
- 通过 $ N $、$ a $ 和 $ \phi $ 的参数表达式,推导两种情形下用户成本与CP收益的均衡条件。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1ISP与CP之间的定价协议是否降低了互联网用户感知到的成本?
- RQ2此类协议是否增加了相关CP的收入?
- RQ3引入协议后,用户与CP的均衡行为如何变化?
- RQ4是否可以设计一种协议,使ISP与CP均受益,同时保持用户收益?
主要发现
- ISP与CP之间的定价协议降低了互联网用户感知到的成本,对所有 $ N $、$ a $ 和 $ \phi $,均有 $ C_n^v < C_n $。
- 尽管用户受益,CP在协议下收入反而更低,对所有 $ N $、$ a $ 和 $ \phi $,均有 $ \Pi_m^v < \Pi_m $。
- 协议下用户的均衡成本为 $ C_n^v = \phi^2 a + 2a\phi^2 \left(\frac{N-1}{3N-1}\right)^2 \left(\frac{N+1}{N}\right) $,严格低于中立情形。
- 协议下CP的收益为 $ \Pi_m^v = 2a\phi^2 \left(\frac{N-1}{3N-1}\right)^2 \left(\frac{N+1}{N}\right) $,低于中立情形下的 $ (N-1)\phi^2 a $。
- 引入小额费用 $ c $ 可使CP在有无协议下的收益相等,从而实现ISP与CP的互利共赢。
- 上述结果对所有 $ N $、$ a $ 和 $ \phi $ 均成立,表明其在系统参数上的稳健性。
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