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[论文解读] Relay Selection with Partial Information in Wireless Sensor Networks

Kolar Purushothama Naveen, Anurag Kumar|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 20, 2011
Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks参考文献 28被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出了一种针对能量受限的无线传感器网络中具有休眠-唤醒周期节点的中继选择策略,其中源节点基于对中继数量及其奖励的部分信息选择中继。通过部分可观测马尔可夫决策过程(POMDP),推导出具有凸性和单调性特性的最优停止策略,并提出一种简单的基于阈值的策略,实现接近最优的性能且计算复杂度低,从而实现可调节延迟与跳数权衡的高效端到端转发。

ABSTRACT

Our work is motivated by geographical forwarding of sporadic alarm packets to a base station in a wireless sensor network (WSN), where the nodes are sleep-wake cycling periodically and asynchronously. When a node (referred to as the source) gets a packet to forward, either by detecting an event or from an upstream node, it has to wait for its neighbors in a forwarding set (referred to as relays) to wake-up. Each of the relays is associated with a random reward (e.g., the progress made towards the sink) that is iid. To begin with, the source is uncertain about the number of relays, their wake-up times and the reward values, but knows their distributions. At each relay wake-up instant, when a relay reveals its reward value, the source's problem is to forward the packet or to wait for further relays to wake-up. In this setting, we seek to minimize the expected waiting time at the source subject to a lower bound on the average reward. In terms of the operations research literature, our work can be considered as a variant of the asset selling problem. We formulate the relay selection problem as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), where the unknown state is the number of relays. We begin by considering the case where the source knows the number of relays. For the general case, where the source only knows a pmf on the number of relays, it has to maintain a posterior pmf on the number of relays and forward the packet iff the pmf is in an optimum stopping set. We show that the optimum stopping set is convex and obtain inner and outer bounds to this set. The computational complexity of the above policies motivates us to formulate an alternative simplified model, the optimal policy for which is a simple threshold rule. We provide simulation results to compare the performance of the various one-hop and end-to-end forwarding policies.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决在节点异步唤醒的能量受限、具有休眠-唤醒周期的无线传感器网络中中继选择的挑战。
  • 在确保向汇聚点平均进度(奖励)下限的前提下,最小化每跳的平均转发延迟。
  • 由于可用中继数量及其奖励值的不确定性,将问题建模为部分可观测马尔可夫决策过程(POMDP)。
  • 开发低复杂度、可实际部署的策略,无需集中式配置阶段即可端到端应用。
  • 通过调整单一网络参数,实现端到端延迟与跳数之间的可调权衡。

提出的方法

  • 将中继选择问题建模为有限时域POMDP,其中未知状态为中继数量,其先验分布已知。
  • 将最优停止集定义为在中继数量的后验概率质量函数(pmf)集合中,选择停止优于继续的集合。
  • 证明最优停止集具有凸性,并通过单纯形边上的阈值点构造其内界。
  • 通过值函数的单调性性质,建立最优停止集的外边界。
  • 提出一种简化模型,导出基于阈值的策略:当首个中继的奖励超过由参数γ确定的阈值时,源节点即进行转发。
  • 在整个多跳路径上端到端采用简单的阈值策略(πA-SIMPL),并将γ设为全网参数,以调节延迟与跳数之间的权衡。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1当源节点仅对可用中继数量及其奖励具有部分信息时,如何在具有休眠-唤醒周期的无线传感器网络中最优选择中继?
  • RQ2在状态未知(中继数量)且奖励独立同分布的POMDP设置下,最优停止策略的结构是什么?
  • RQ3简单的阈值策略能否在显著降低计算复杂度的同时实现接近最优的性能?
  • RQ4在不同策略配置下,性能指标——平均端到端延迟与平均跳数——之间的权衡如何?
  • RQ5使用估计的平均中继数量而非精确数量,对策略性能有何影响?

主要发现

  • 在POMDP建模中,最优停止集具有凸性,从而可通过单纯形边上的阈值点构造其内界。
  • 值函数的单调性性质导出最优停止集的有效外边界,从而更精确地刻画最优策略。
  • 简单阈值策略(πA-SIMPL)的性能几乎与内界策略(πINNER)相当,而后者本身在已知中继数量时已接近最优策略。
  • 仿真结果表明,简单策略的端到端性能接近Kim等人提出的已知最优策略(无需配置阶段)。
  • 通过调节参数γ,简单策略可有效平衡端到端延迟与跳数,适用于延迟敏感或能量受限的应用。
  • 使用平均中继数量的简化策略(π̂SF)性能接近全信息策略(πSF),尤其在γ较小时表现良好,且在中继数量知识不完全的情况下仍保持鲁棒性。

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