[Paper Review] The General Structure of Matter

Mário Everaldo de Souza|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 24, 2002

Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution3 citations

TL;DR

This paper proposes a six-force framework in which matter's fundamental structure arises from primons—elementary constituents forming quarks, gluons, and Higgs bosons. It explains hadron spectra, nucleon structure, and nuclear binding via primon arrangements, successfully reproducing the deuteron's quadrupole moment and the stability of tritium and alpha particles through spatially ordered primon configurations, offering a unified explanation for nuclear saturation and the absence of A=5 nuclides.

ABSTRACT

General Classification of Matter; Prequarks and Number of Quarks; Structure of Nucleons; Generation of Quark Masses; Seas and Sizes of Nucleons; Contributions of Nucleons Seas to the Structure Functions; Higgs Bosons; Bosons of the Strong and Superstrong Interactions; The Nature of Gluons, Super QCD, The Energies of Baryons and Mesons; The Sizes of Baryons and Mesons; The Confinement Constant at the Top Quark Scale, The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies; The Formation of Galaxies and Primordial Stars; The Evolution of Galaxies; The Formation of Structure; The Rotation of Spiral Galaxies; The Non Existence of Dark Matter and Black Holes; Associated Fermions and the Dual Role of Neutrinos; The Hidden Realm of Gravity; The Connection between Neutrinos and the Superweak Force; The Galactic Medium as a Neutrino Gas; Energy Bands of Neutrinos; Another Solution to the Solar Neutrino Problem; The Stability of the Deuteron, Triton and Alpha Particle; The Absence of Nuclides with A=5 and the Instability of Be8.

Motivation & Objective

• To develop a unified framework for the structure of matter based on six fundamental forces, challenging the standard model's four-force paradigm.
• To explain the stability of light nuclei like tritium and alpha particles through primon-level configurations rather than standard quark models.
• To account for nuclear saturation and the absence of A=5 nuclides using spatial arrangements of primons and their binding via superstrong forces.
• To connect nuclear forces with cosmological structures, such as galactic shells and voids, via the proposed superstrong interaction.
• To provide a mechanism for the origin of harmonic potentials in hadron spectroscopy through primon dynamics.

Proposed method

• Postulates primons as the fundamental constituents of quarks, gluons, and Higgs bosons, forming composite structures via superstrong and strong interactions.
• Uses a binding model involving primons p1, p2, p3 with distinct supercolors and charges to describe nucleon and nuclear structure.
• Applies spatial arrangements of primons to reproduce observed nuclear properties such as quadrupole moments and spin configurations.
• Models the deuteron as a system with two +1/2 cores and -1/3 charge clouds, yielding a quadrupole moment of ~2×10⁻³ e(barn), close to the experimental 2.82×10⁻³ e(barn).
• Explains the stability of tritium and alpha particles via alternating binding between p1 and p3 primons, delaying decay from ~920 s to ~3.87×10⁸ s.
• Proposes that the alpha particle has a planar configuration with distinct charge layers: +4/3 at center, +2 in middle shell, -4/3 in outer shell, explaining its high stability.

Experimental results

Research questions

• RQ1 How can the stability of tritium and the alpha particle be explained at a deeper level than standard quark models?
• RQ2 Why do no nuclides exist with mass number A=5, and why is ⁸Be unstable despite its formation?
• RQ3 How do spatial arrangements of primons account for the tensor character and saturation of nuclear forces?
• RQ4 What role does the proposed superstrong force play in both nuclear binding and large-scale cosmic structure formation?
• RQ5 Can the observed quadrupole moment of the deuteron be reproduced through primon-level charge distributions and binding dynamics?

Key findings

• The deuteron's quadrupole moment is reproduced as ~2×10⁻³ e(barn), closely matching the experimental value of 2.82×10⁻³ e(barn), via a model with two +1/2 cores and -1/3 charge clouds.
• Tritium's long lifetime (~3.87×10⁸ s) is explained by alternating binding between p1 and p3 primons, which stabilizes the system compared to the ~920 s decay time of a free neutron.
• The alpha particle is shown to have a planar configuration with distinct charge layers: +4/3 at center, +2 in middle shell, -4/3 in outer shell, explaining its extreme stability.
• The absence of A=5 nuclides is explained by the lack of available binding sites in the alpha particle's primon structure, which is already fully bonded.
• The instability of ⁸Be (lifetime ~10⁻²³ s) is attributed to the absence of additional binding channels in the primon configuration, preventing stable formation.
• The model explains nuclear saturation as analogous to chemical bond saturation, arising from the spatial and charge-ordered arrangement of primons in the nucleus.