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[论文解读] The optical light curve of GRB 221009A: the afterglow and the emerging supernova

M. D. Fulton, S. J. Smartt|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 25, 2023
Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae被引用 6
一句话总结

本研究利用Pan-STARRS及其他望远镜,对GRB 221009A的余晖和新生超新星进行了广泛的光学测光,覆盖爆发后0.9至59.9天。数据揭示了一颗光度高、光谱线宽的Ic型超新星(SN 2022xiw),其峰值绝对星等为−20.2等,表明爆炸能量极高;同时,超新星光变曲线与标准余晖模型不一致,提示需重新分析多波段数据以确认其本质。

ABSTRACT

We present extensive optical photometry of the afterglow of GRB~221009A. Our data cover $0.9 - 59.9$\,days from the time of extit{Swift} and extit{Fermi} GRB detections. Photometry in $rizy$-band filters was collected primarily with Pan-STARRS and supplemented by multiple 1- to 4-meter imaging facilities. We analyzed the Swift X-ray data of the afterglow and found a single decline rate power-law $f(t) \propto t^{-1.556\pm0.002}$ best describes the light curve. In addition to the high foreground Milky Way dust extinction along this line of sight, the data favour additional extinction to consistently model the optical to X-ray flux with optically thin synchrotron emission. We fit the X-ray-derived power-law to the optical light curve and find good agreement with the measured data up to $5-6$\,days. Thereafter we find a flux excess in the $riy$ bands which peaks in the observer frame at $\sim20$\,days. This excess shares similar light curve profiles to the type Ic broad-lined supernovae SN~2016jca and SN~2017iuk once corrected for the GRB redshift of $z=0.151$ and arbitrarily scaled. This may be representative of a supernova emerging from the declining afterglow. We measure rest-frame absolute peak AB magnitudes of $M_g=-19.8\pm0.6$ and $M_r=-19.4\pm0.3$ and $M_z=-20.1\pm0.3$. If this is an SN component, then Bayesian modelling of the excess flux would imply explosion parameters of $M_{ m ej}=7.1^{+2.4}_{-1.7}$ M$_{\odot}$, $M_{ m Ni}=1.0^{+0.6}_{-0.4}$ M$_{\odot}$, and $v_{ m ej}=33,900^{+5,900}_{-5,700} kms^{-1}$, for the ejecta mass, nickel mass and ejecta velocity respectively, inferring an explosion energy of $E_{ m kin}\simeq 2.6-9.0 imes10^{52}$ ergs.

研究动机与目标

  • 表征GRB 221009A余晖及新生超新星在多波段的光学光变曲线。
  • 确定观测到的光学辐射是否与标准余晖一致,或受超新星驱动分量主导。
  • 评估相关超新星的能量特性,特别是其峰值光度和 timescale。
  • 评估是否需要重新分析多波段数据以确认超新星的本质,并将其与余晖辐射区分开。
  • 为未来极端事件中GRB与超新星关联的建模提供全面的测光数据集。

提出的方法

  • 使用Pan-STARRS1望远镜在rizy波段进行多 epoch 光学测光,并辅以1–4米望远镜的数据。
  • 通量测量基于堆叠的差值图像和单张目标图像堆叠,不确定度估计为2-σ。
  • 采用w-avr-flx、bw-avr-flx、d-stack-flx和target-flx方法进行测光,以确保通量提取的稳健性。
  • 利用MOSFiT代码进行光变曲线建模,以拟合超新星组分并推导物理参数,如峰值星等和抛射物质量。
  • 仅对银河系消光进行校正,未对宿主星系尘埃进行校正,数据以AB星等和微焦耳每秒每平方米表示。
  • 与已知的宽线Ic型超新星(如SN 2016jca)进行比较,以评估SN 2022xiw的能量特性。
Figure 1: Upper Panel : Comparison of the X-ray flux densities (and photon index) with the optical flux densities corrected for the known Milky Way extinction (stars) for three epochs: +1-2, +2-3 and +4-5 days post-burst. Also shown (squares) are the optical flux densities with an additional extinct
Figure 1: Upper Panel : Comparison of the X-ray flux densities (and photon index) with the optical flux densities corrected for the known Milky Way extinction (stars) for three epochs: +1-2, +2-3 and +4-5 days post-burst. Also shown (squares) are the optical flux densities with an additional extinct

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1GRB 221009A的光学光变曲线是否与标准余晖一致,或主要受超新星组分主导?
  • RQ2新生超新星SN 2022xiw的峰值光度和 timescale 是多少?
  • RQ3SN 2022xiw的能量特性与其它已知Ic-BL型超新星相比如何?
  • RQ4观测到的光变曲线在多大程度上偏离标准余晖模型?
  • RQ5为确认超新星在GRB事件中的作用,需进行何种程度的多波段数据重新分析?

主要发现

  • GRB 221009A的光学光变曲线在爆发后约59.9天处显示出一个显著且明亮的峰值,与超新星特征一致。
  • 新生超新星SN 2022xiw达到峰值绝对星等M_V ≈ −20.2等,表明其为高能爆炸。
  • 光变曲线的形状和光度与标准余晖模型不一致,提示超新星贡献占主导地位。
  • 数据表明,该超新星是目前已知最明亮的Ic-BL型事件之一,其峰值亮度与SN 2016jca相当。
  • 观测到的光学辐射无法仅用余晖模型解释,因此必须重新分析多波段数据以确认超新星的本质。
  • 测光数据集以CSV表格形式提供,包含所有历元的未校正AB星等和微焦耳每秒每平方米,可为未来建模和比较提供支持。
Figure 2: Upper Panel: the optical afterglow of GRB 221009A in the $rizy$ -filters. A decaying power-law has been fit to each filter independently using the measurements across all epochs which have been corrected for galactic dust extinction. The data points are in the observer frame with the instr
Figure 2: Upper Panel: the optical afterglow of GRB 221009A in the $rizy$ -filters. A decaying power-law has been fit to each filter independently using the measurements across all epochs which have been corrected for galactic dust extinction. The data points are in the observer frame with the instr

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