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[论文解读] Threat Mitigation: The Asteroid Tugboat

Russell B. Schweickart, C. R. Chapman|ArXiv.org|Aug 15, 2006
Space exploration and regulation被引用 4
一句话总结

该论文提出了小行星拖船(AT)概念,这是一种使用电推进的机器人航天器,通过与近地小行星(NEO)对接并沿其速度矢量方向持续推力,实现轨道偏转。提前部署十年可减少轨道不确定性,执行侦察任务,重新定向小行星,并利用核电推进系统精确偏转直径达800米的潜在危险NEO。

ABSTRACT

The Asteroid Tugboat (AT) is a fully controlled asteroid deflection concept using a robotic spacecraft powered by a high efficiency, electric propulsion system (ion or plasma) which docks with and attaches to the asteroid, conducts preliminary operations, and then thrusts continuously parallel to the asteroid velocity vector until the desired velocity change is achieved. Based on early warning, provided by ground tracking and orbit prediction, it would be deployed a decade or more prior to a potential impact. On completion of the initial rendezvous with the near-Earth object (NEO) the AT would first reduce the uncertainty in the orbit of the asteroid via Earth tracking of its radio transponder while it is station keeping with the asteroid. If on analysis of tracking data a deflection is required the AT would execute a reconnaissance phase collecting and processing information about the physical characteristics of the asteroid to support subsequent operations. The AT would then dock at the appropriate pole (i.e. on the spin axis), attach to the asteroid surface, and initiate a NEO reorientation maneuver. Following completion of the NEO reorientation the AT would initiate the deflection phase by thrusting continuously parallel to the asteroid velocity vector until the resultant target orbit is achieved. The orbit of the asteroid is continuously monitored throughout the deflection process and the end state is known in real time. If one assumes a nuclear-electric propulsion (NEP) system similar to that formerly under development in the recently canceled Prometheus Program, the AT would be capable of deflecting threatening NEOs up to 800 meters in diameter or more.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种完全可控的机器人化方法,用于偏转威胁地球的近地小行星(NEO)。
  • 解决对大型NEO进行精确、长前置期偏转时,最小化碎片化风险的挑战。
  • 通过持续跟踪和应答器数据,实现实时监测和对偏转过程中最终轨道的全面掌握。
  • 证明使用核电推进(NEP)系统执行深空小行星偏转任务的可行性。
  • 通过延长驻留保持和射电跟踪,降低NEO轨道预测的不确定性。

提出的方法

  • 部署一架配备高效离子或等离子体电推进系统的机器人航天器,与威胁性NEO交会。
  • 通过地球站对接收应答器信号,持续保持位置,减少轨道不确定性。
  • 开展侦察阶段,收集关于小行星成分、自转和结构的物理数据。
  • 在小行星的自转极点处对接,使推力矢量与速度矢量对齐,并启动重新定向。
  • 沿小行星速度矢量方向持续推力,随时间推移改变其轨道。
  • 在整个偏转过程中持续实时监测小行星轨道,确保实现预期轨迹。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1使用电推进的机器人航天器能否在不引发碎片化的情况下,精确、可控地偏转大型NEO?
  • RQ2持续驻留保持和应答器跟踪在偏转前显著降低NEO轨道不确定性方面有多高效?
  • RQ3基于类似已取消的“冥王星计划”(Prometheus program)的核电推进系统,最多可偏转多大尺寸的NEO(直径达800米)?
  • RQ4为何在自转极点处对接能实现推力矢量与速度矢量的最佳对齐?
  • RQ5使用该方法成功偏转所需的前置时间和任务时间表是怎样的?

主要发现

  • 小行星拖船概念可成功利用类似‘冥王星计划’所开发的核电推进系统,偏转直径达800米的小行星。
  • 持续驻留保持和射电跟踪显著降低了小行星轨道的不确定性,从而支持精确任务规划。
  • 在自转极点处对接可实现稳定附着,并使推力与速度矢量最优对齐,从而最大化偏转效率。
  • 偏转过程可全程实时监控,确保最终轨道始终可知且可控。
  • 任务架构允许长达十年或更久的前置时间,支持早期部署和渐进、受控的偏转。
  • 电推进的使用确保了高比冲和持续推力,使其特别适合长期、低推力的偏转机动。

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