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[论文解读] Trusted Container Extensions for Container-based Confidential Computing

Ferdinand Brasser, Patrick Jauernig|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 11, 2022
Security and Verification in Computing被引用 7
一句话总结

本文提出了可信容器扩展(TCX),一种新颖的容器安全架构,结合了Docker的灵活性与基于AMD SEV的硬件强制可信执行环境(TEEs),在不可信的云环境中为容器工作负载提供了强大的机密性和完整性保障。TCX通过利用轻量级安全容器虚拟机(Secure Container VMs)并无缝集成Kata Containers,实现了仅5.77%的性能开销,显著提升了性能表现。

ABSTRACT

Cloud computing has emerged as a corner stone of today's computing landscape. More and more customers who outsource their infrastructure benefit from the manageability, scalability and cost saving that come with cloud computing. Those benefits get amplified by the trend towards microservices. Instead of renting and maintaining full VMs, customers increasingly leverage container technologies, which come with a much more lightweight resource footprint while also removing the need to emulate complete systems and their devices. However, privacy concerns hamper many customers from moving to the cloud and leveraging its benefits. Furthermore, regulatory requirements prevent the adaption of cloud computing in many industries, such as health care or finance. Standard software isolation mechanisms have been proven to be insufficient if the host system is not fully trusted, e.g., when the cloud infrastructure gets compromised by malicious third-party actors. Consequently, confidential computing is gaining increasing relevance in the cloud computing field. We present Trusted Container Extensions (TCX), a novel container security architecture, which combines the manageability and agility of standard containers with the strong protection guarantees of hardware-enforced Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) to enable confidential computing for container workloads. TCX provides significant performance advantages compared to existing approaches while protecting container workloads and the data processed by them. Our implementation, based on AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV), ensures integrity and confidentiality of data and services during deployment, and allows secure interaction between protected containers as well as to external entities. Our evaluation shows that our implementation induces a low performance overhead of 5.77% on the standard SPEC2017 benchmark suite.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决云原生容器工作负载日益增长的安全需求,传统隔离机制在不可信云提供商环境下失效的问题。
  • 克服现有基于TEE的容器解决方案的局限性,如性能开销过高、内存管理不灵活以及易受恶意云提供商攻击的问题。
  • 设计一种通用且可扩展的架构,无缝集成现有容器生态系统(如Docker和Kata Containers)。
  • 确保容器工作负载的端到端保护,包括安全部署、运行时完整性以及安全的容器间通信。
  • 证明硬件强制的TEE可高效应用于容器化工作负载,而不会牺牲可管理性或性能。

提出的方法

  • TCX在每台主机上仅使用一个可信的安全容器虚拟机(SC-VM)来通过硬件强制TEE(如AMD SEV)管理多个隔离的容器工作负载。
  • 每个容器运行在专用的轻量级SC-VM中,提供内存加密和隔离,即使主机被攻破也能确保数据的机密性和完整性。
  • 该架构与Kata Containers项目集成,实现在SC-VM内原生的Docker容器生命周期管理和系统调用处理。
  • TCX通过经过身份验证和加密的消息传递协议,为SC-VM与外部实体之间提供安全通信通道。
  • 它支持安全存储和远程证明,可在不暴露敏感数据的情况下验证容器工作负载的信任状态。
  • 该设计避免修改内核,并支持多种TEE技术,包括AMD SEV、Intel TDX和Arm CCA,确保在现代CPU架构间的可移植性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1是否能够设计一种容器安全架构,将Docker的可管理性与硬件强制TEE的强隔离保证相结合?
  • RQ2如何在不产生过高性能开销的前提下,高效地将TEE应用于容器工作负载?
  • RQ3是否能在保持安全系统调用处理和容器间通信能力的同时,最小化攻击面?
  • RQ4TCX在多大程度上能够抵御内部威胁和恶意云提供商的攻击?
  • RQ5是否可行构建一个通用且可移植的容器安全框架,以支持多种TEE架构?

主要发现

  • TCX在标准的SPEC2017基准测试套件上仅产生5.77%的性能开销,证明其在容器化环境中实现机密计算的高效率。
  • NGINX的网络吞吐量开销为22.1%,Apache为13.36%,表明其在Web工作负载中具有出色的性能表现。
  • 该架构成功实现了对容器工作负载在静态、部署过程和运行时的全面保护,即使在主机被攻破的情况下也能确保机密性和完整性。
  • TCX通过经过身份验证的通道,实现了受保护容器与外部实体之间的安全透明通信。
  • 该解决方案支持多种TEE技术,包括AMD SEV、Intel TDX和Arm CCA,使其可在现代硬件平台上实现跨平台可移植性。
  • TCX避免了内核修改,且无需代码签名限制,与SGX-based解决方案相比,显著提升了可用性和安全性。

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