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[论文解读] Incentivising Demand Side Response through Discount Scheduling using Hybrid Quantum Optimization

D. Bucher, Jonas Nüßlein|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 11, 2023
Smart Grid Energy ManagementEngineering参考文献 53被引用 3
一句话总结

本文提出一种混合量子优化方法,用于求解需求侧响应(DSR)中的折价调度问题(DSP),通过客户特定的价格激励减少碳排放并平衡电网负荷。通过将大规模组合问题分解为更小的子问题,并利用D-Wave的Leap混合量子退火器结合自定义分解算法,该方法在可扩展性方面相比经典求解器(如Gurobi)在碳排放减少和解质量方面表现更优。

ABSTRACT

Demand Side Response (DSR) is a strategy that enables consumers to actively participate in managing electricity demand. It aims to alleviate strain on the grid during high demand and promote a more balanced and efficient use of (renewable) electricity resources. We implement DSR through discount scheduling, which involves offering discrete price incentives to consumers to adjust their electricity consumption patterns to times when their local energy mix consists of more renewable energy. Since we tailor the discounts to individual customers' consumption, the Discount Scheduling Problem (DSP) becomes a large combinatorial optimization task. Consequently, we adopt a hybrid quantum computing approach, using D-Wave's Leap Hybrid Cloud. We benchmark Leap against Gurobi, a classical Mixed Integer optimizer in terms of solution quality at fixed runtime and fairness in terms of discount allocation. Furthermore, we propose a large-scale decomposition algorithm/heuristic for the DSP, applied with either quantum or classical computers running the subroutines, which significantly reduces the problem size while maintaining solution quality. Using synthetic data generated from real-world data, we observe that the classical decomposition method obtains the best overall ewp{solution quality for problem sizes up to 3200 consumers, however, the hybrid quantum approach provides more evenly distributed discounts across consumers.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决城市电网需求侧响应(DSR)中大规模组合折价调度问题(DSP)的挑战。
  • 通过为消费者提供定制化的离散价格折扣,激励其转移电力消费,从而减少碳排放并提升电网稳定性。
  • 评估在真实世界和合成数据上,使用D-Wave的Leap混合量子-经典平台进行量子增强优化的可行性与性能。
  • 开发一种问题特定的分解算法,在当前NISQ时代量子硬件条件下,减小问题规模的同时保持解的质量。
  • 在不同问题规模下,对经典求解器(Gurobi)、通用量子混合求解器(Leap)以及定制化的混合量子-经典分解方法进行基准测试。

提出的方法

  • 将DSP表述为带约束的二次整数优化问题,以最小化碳排放,同时确保所有客户获得相等的电力供应。
  • 采用以客户为中心的分解策略,根据客户群体将完整问题划分为更小的、无约束的子问题,从而减小有效问题规模。
  • 将每个子问题编码为适合D-Wave硬件上量子退火的无约束二次二值优化(QUBO)问题。
  • 采用混合量子-经典流水线:由经典求解器(Gurobi、模拟退火)或D-Wave Leap量子处理器按顺序求解子问题,并在后续步骤中考虑累积误差。
  • 在初始优化后,使用后处理优化算法进一步提升解的质量。
  • 采用动态超时策略,随问题规模扩展,以确保在不同客户数量(60至1920名客户)下比较的公平性。
Figure 2: The relative approximation error for different values of $\zeta$ averaged over multiple timesteps.
Figure 2: The relative approximation error for different values of $\zeta$ averaged over multiple timesteps.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1混合量子优化能否在求解大规模需求侧响应折价调度问题(DSP)方面超越经典求解器(如Gurobi)?
  • RQ2问题特定的分解算法在减小DSP计算负担的同时,能否在当前NISQ时代量子硬件上保持解的质量?
  • RQ3在混合分解框架中使用量子退火(通过D-Wave的Leap)是否能比纯经典方法或通用量子混合方法实现更好的碳排放减少和能效表现?
  • RQ4在问题规模不断增大的情况下,不同子问题求解器(Gurobi、模拟退火、D-Wave QPU)在解质量与可扩展性方面表现如何?
  • RQ5问题分解规模与超时扩展策略对真实DSR场景中量子增强求解器性能有何影响?

主要发现

  • 自定义分解算法显著减小了问题规模,同时保持了高解质量,使当前量子硬件上的可行优化成为可能。
  • 在客户数量超过480人时,Gurobi无法在时间限制内产生可接受结果,而D-Wave的Leap混合求解器仍能持续提供可行解。
  • 当使用经典子求解器(Gurobi)进行分解时,无论在何种测试问题规模下,该方法在碳排放减少和能效指标方面均表现最佳。
  • 当使用量子退火作为子求解器(Decomp-QPU)时,该方法在优化目标(碳排放减少)方面略优于Leap,表明问题特定的量子集成具有潜在优势。
  • 在较小的子问题上,模拟退火作为子求解器的表现优于QPU,表明经典启发式方法在小规模子优化中仍具竞争力。
  • 将分解与Leap结合的混合方法在大规模实例中展现出前景,尤其当子问题规模大到足以挑战经典求解器,但又能在量子处理器时间约束内求解时。
Figure 3: The discount matrices $z_{c,t}$ found by the investigated solvers for $N_{c}=100$ . Blue indicates a discount and red corresponds to a penalty. White means no discount given at all. Despite their effects on the overall consumption (see Fig. 4 ) being the same, the discount matrices differ
Figure 3: The discount matrices $z_{c,t}$ found by the investigated solvers for $N_{c}=100$ . Blue indicates a discount and red corresponds to a penalty. White means no discount given at all. Despite their effects on the overall consumption (see Fig. 4 ) being the same, the discount matrices differ

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