[論文レビュー] The Brussels Effect and Artificial Intelligence: How EU regulation will impact the global AI market

Charlotte Siegmann, Markus Anderljung|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 23, 2022

Law, AI, and Intellectual Property被引用数 24

ひとこと要約

本論文は、EUのAI規制が事実上および法的なブリュッセル効果を通じて世界的に拡散する可能性を分析し、EU AI Actに焦点を当て、非EUの製品や他の法域への潜在的影響を検討する。

ABSTRACT

The European Union is likely to introduce among the first, most stringent, and most comprehensive AI regulatory regimes of the world's major jurisdictions. In this report, we ask whether the EU's upcoming regulation for AI will diffuse globally, producing a so-called "Brussels Effect". Building on and extending Anu Bradford's work, we outline the mechanisms by which such regulatory diffusion may occur. We consider both the possibility that the EU's AI regulation will incentivise changes in products offered in non-EU countries (a de facto Brussels Effect) and the possibility it will influence regulation adopted by other jurisdictions (a de jure Brussels Effect). Focusing on the proposed EU AI Act, we tentatively conclude that both de facto and de jure Brussels effects are likely for parts of the EU regulatory regime. A de facto effect is particularly likely to arise in large US tech companies with AI systems that the AI Act terms "high-risk". We argue that the upcoming regulation might be particularly important in offering the first and most influential operationalisation of what it means to develop and deploy trustworthy or human-centred AI. If the EU regime is likely to see significant diffusion, ensuring it is well-designed becomes a matter of global importance.

研究の動機と目的

• EUのAI規制が世界的に拡散するかどうかを検討する動機づけ。
• ブラッドフォードのブリュッセル効果の枠組みをAI規制へ拡張する。
• EU AI Actの事実上および法的規制拡散のメカニズムを評価する。
• EU体制のどの部分が最も拡散しやすいか、なぜかを評価する。

提案手法

• 規制拡散におけるAnu Bradfordのブリュッセル効果の枠組みを基盤とする。
• EUのAI規制が世界市場や政策に影響を与える可能性のあるメカニズムを概説する。
• 提案されたEU AI Actに焦点を当て、拡散の可能性を評価する。
• 高リスクAIシステムを持つ米国の大手テクノロジー企業における拡散の潜在性について論じる。
• 信頼性と人間中心のAI展開に対する含意を論じる。

実験結果

リサーチクエスチョン

• RQ1 EUのAI規制は、非EU諸国の提供内容を変えることによって事実上のブリュッセル効果を生むのか？
• RQ2 EUのAI規制が他の法域にも同様の規則を採用させる（法的ブリュッセル効果）か？
• RQ3 EU AI Actのどの部分が世界的に拡散しやすく、どのようなメカニズムを通じてか？
• RQ4 拡散が信頼できるまたは人間中心のAIの実装にどのように影響するか？

主な発見

• Both de facto and de jure Brussels Effects are likely for parts of the EU regulatory regime.
• A de facto effect is particularly likely for large US tech companies with AI systems deemed high-risk under the Act.
• The EU regime could provide the first and most influential operationalization of trustworthy or human-centered AI.
• Global diffusion of the EU regime would render its design and implementation globally important.
• The paper highlights the global policy relevance of ensuring the EU regime is well-designed.