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[论文解读] Byzantine Approximate Agreement on Graphs

Thomas Nowak, Joel Rybicki|DROPS (Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics)|Aug 7, 2019
Distributed systems and fault tolerance被引用 6
一句话总结

本文引入了在有限图上的拜占庭近似一致,其中处理器必须在图内距离 $ d $ 以内达成输出值一致,同时保持在非故障输入的图诱导凸包内。研究证明,当 $ d \geq 1 $ 时,若图是弦图且 $ n > (\omega + 1)f $(其中 $ \omega $ 为团数),则该任务在异步系统中可解,并提出了首个针对组合结构上格一致变体的拜占庭容错算法。

ABSTRACT

Consider a distributed system with $n$ processors out of which $f$ can be Byzantine faulty. In the approximate agreement task, each processor $i$ receives an input value $x_i$ and has to decide on an output value $y_i$ such that - the output values are in the convex hull of the non-faulty processors' input values, - the output values are within distance $d$ of each other. Classically, the values are assumed to be from an $m$-dimensional Euclidean space, where $m \ge 1$. In this work, we study the task in a discrete setting, where input values with some structure expressible as a graph. Namely, the input values are vertices of a finite graph $G$ and the goal is to output vertices that are within distance $d$ of each other in $G$, but still remain in the graph-induced convex hull of the input values. For $d=0$, the task reduces to consensus and cannot be solved with a deterministic algorithm in an asynchronous system even with a single crash fault. For any $d \ge 1$, we show that the task is solvable in asynchronous systems when $G$ is chordal and $n > (ω+1)f$, where $ω$ is the clique number of~$G$. In addition, we give the first Byzantine-tolerant algorithm for a variant of lattice agreement. For synchronous systems, we show tight resilience bounds for the exact variants of these and related tasks over a large class of combinatorial structures.

研究动机与目标

  • 研究在离散组合设定下(输入值为有限图的顶点)的拜占庭近似一致。
  • 定义图诱导凸包,并要求输出值位于该凸包内,同时彼此间图距离在 $ d $ 以内。
  • 建立异步与同步系统中近似一致的弹性边界与可解性条件。
  • 将分布式一致理论扩展至离散凸性空间,特别是图与半格所生成的凸几何。
  • 提出首个针对组合结构上格一致变体的拜占庭容错算法。

提出的方法

  • 将输入值建模为有限图 $ G $ 的顶点,要求输出值在 $ G $ 中的距离不超过 $ d $,且位于非故障输入的图诱导凸包内。
  • 通过单调凸性概念定义图诱导凸包,即若集合包含其元素间的所有最短路径,则该集合为凸集。
  • 引入图上 $ d $-近似一致的概念,将连续近似一致推广至离散结构。
  • 利用抽象凸性理论,特别是凸几何,通过 Carathéodory 数与 Helly 数刻画可解性条件。
  • 通过利用极端点并贪心地排除非极端顶点,构建弦图上近似一致的确定性算法。
  • 应用凸几何理论推导弹性边界,并在同步系统中利用 Helly 数与 Carathéodory 数证明边界的紧致性。
Figure 1: Examples of geodesic and monophonic agreement on graphs. In the top row, the blue and orange vertices form a convex hull of the blue vertices for each graph under (a)–(d) geodesic and (e) monophonic convexities. The thick edges lie in the shortest (geodesic) or chordless (monophonic) paths
Figure 1: Examples of geodesic and monophonic agreement on graphs. In the top row, the blue and orange vertices form a convex hull of the blue vertices for each graph under (a)–(d) geodesic and (e) monophonic convexities. The thick edges lie in the shortest (geodesic) or chordless (monophonic) paths

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1当输入值为有限图的顶点,且输出值需在图距离上接近时,拜占庭近似一致是否可在异步系统中求解?
  • RQ2图 $ G $ 的哪些结构性质(如弦性)可确保 $ d \geq 1 $ 时近似一致的可解性?
  • RQ3是否可为离散组合结构上的格一致变体设计拜占庭容错算法?
  • RQ4凸几何的 Carathéodory 数与 Helly 数如何与近似一致的弹性边界相关联?
  • RQ5这些结果能否推广至非弦图或超越凸几何的通用凸性空间?

主要发现

  • 当 $ d \geq 1 $ 时,若图 $ G $ 为弦图且 $ n > (\omega + 1)f $(其中 $ \omega $ 为 $ G $ 的团数),则有限图 $ G $ 上的拜占庭近似一致在异步系统中可解。
  • 当 $ G $ 为弦图时,基于单调凸性的图诱导凸包构成凸几何,从而可应用抽象凸性工具。
  • 对任意大小 $ m > 1 $ 的非冗余集合 $ A $,均存在一个 $ m $-阻断实例,该性质是通过贪心排除极端点证明可解性的关键。
  • 提出一种新颖的拜占庭容错算法,用于半格上格一致的变体,扩展了协议在离散代数结构上的适用性。
  • 在同步系统中,对一大类组合结构上的精确一致任务,建立了紧致的弹性边界,其边界与底层凸几何的 Helly 数一致。
  • 本文指出了若干开放问题,包括非弦图上近似一致的可解性,以及在 Carathéodory 数更高的凸性空间中的推广。
Figure 2: Approximate agreement on chordal graphs via clique trees. (a) The chordal value graph $G$ and three input values $X=\{x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}\}\subseteq V(G)$ . (b) An expanded clique tree $(T,\chi)$ of $G$ . The bags $B=\{b_{1},b_{2},b_{3}\}$ satisfy $x_{i}\in\chi(b_{i})$ and the bags are used
Figure 2: Approximate agreement on chordal graphs via clique trees. (a) The chordal value graph $G$ and three input values $X=\{x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}\}\subseteq V(G)$ . (b) An expanded clique tree $(T,\chi)$ of $G$ . The bags $B=\{b_{1},b_{2},b_{3}\}$ satisfy $x_{i}\in\chi(b_{i})$ and the bags are used

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