[论文解读] Characterizing physiological and symptomatic variation in menstrual cycles using self-tracked mobile health data
本研究利用来自超过378,000名Clue应用用户去标识化、自我追踪的移动健康数据,描绘了月经周期中生理与症状表现的变异特征。通过过滤低参与度周期,研究识别出周期长度持续规律与高度可变的女性在症状追踪模式上的统计显著差异,揭示症状报告与周期长度变异性的关联,并可能作为子宫内膜异位症等疾病的临床指标。
The menstrual cycle is a key indicator of overall health for women of reproductive age. Previously, menstruation was primarily studied through survey results; however, as menstrual tracking mobile apps become more widely adopted, they provide an increasingly large, content-rich source of menstrual health experiences and behaviors over time. By exploring a database of user-tracked observations from the Clue app by BioWink of over 378,000 users and 4.9 million natural cycles, we show that self-reported menstrual tracker data can reveal statistically significant relationships between per-person cycle length variability and self-reported qualitative symptoms. A concern for self-tracked data is that they reflect not only physiological behaviors, but also the engagement dynamics of app users. To mitigate such potential artifacts, we develop a procedure to exclude cycles lacking user engagement, thereby allowing us to better distinguish true menstrual patterns from tracking anomalies. We uncover that women located at different ends of the menstrual variability spectrum, based on the consistency of their cycle length statistics, exhibit statistically significant differences in their cycle characteristics and symptom tracking patterns. We also find that cycle and period length statistics are stationary over the app usage timeline across the variability spectrum. The symptoms that we identify as showing statistically significant association with timing data can be useful to clinicians and users for predicting cycle variability from symptoms or as potential health indicators for conditions like endometriosis. Our findings showcase the potential of longitudinal, high-resolution self-tracked data to improve understanding of menstruation and women's health as a whole.
研究动机与目标
- 理解生理周期长度变异性如何与月经周期中的自报症状相关。
- 通过过滤低参与度周期,减轻自追踪移动健康数据中的潜在偏差,以分离出真实的生理模式。
- 识别与不同水平周期长度变异性相关的统计显著症状追踪模式。
- 评估周期和经期长度统计数据在变异性谱系中是否随时间保持稳定。
- 评估症状追踪作为潜在生殖健康状况(如子宫内膜异位症)代理指标的潜力。
提出的方法
- 使用来自Clue应用的去标识化、纵向自追踪数据,涵盖来自378,000名用户的490万个人自然周期。
- 采用每位用户的周期长度变异系数(CV)定义周期长度变异性,并将用户分类为周期长度持续不具高度变异性组与持续高度变异性组。
- 应用用户参与度过滤器,排除低追踪活跃度的周期,以提升数据质量并减少伪影。
- 使用两样本Kolmogorov–Smirnov(KS)检验,比较不同变异性组之间症状报告比例的经验累积分布函数。
- 计算极端症状报告比例(p(λs > 0.95) 和 p(λs < 0.05))的比值比,以评估一致或罕见症状追踪的差异。
- 采用自举重采样(100,000次迭代)估计KS检验统计量的95%置信区间。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1周期长度变异性如何与月经周期中的自报症状追踪模式相关?
- RQ2症状报告模式能否区分周期长度持续规律与高度可变的女性?
- RQ3在不同周期变异性水平下,周期和经期长度统计数据是否随时间保持稳定?
- RQ4自追踪症状模式在多大程度上反映真实的生理变异,而非追踪伪影?
- RQ5哪些症状与周期长度变异性存在统计显著关联,可能作为潜在健康指标?
主要发现
- 与周期长度持续规律的女性相比,周期长度持续高度可变的女性表现出显著不同的症状追踪模式,经Kolmogorov–Smirnov检验确认(多种症状的p < 0.05)。
- 如痉挛、头痛和情绪变化等症状与周期长度变异性存在统计显著关联,比值比显示高度可变用户更可能持续报告这些症状。
- 症状追踪比例(λs)在不同变异性组之间存在显著差异,部分症状在高度可变用户中几乎在所有周期中都被报告。
- 在变异性谱系的全范围内,周期和经期长度统计数据在时间上保持平稳,表明长期模式稳定。
- 症状报告模式并非随机伪影,而是反映了与周期变异性相关的真正生理与行为差异。
- 本研究证明,经过用户参与度过滤后,高分辨率的自追踪移动健康数据可可靠揭示女性健康中具有临床意义的模式。
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