[Paper Review] Cold dark matter by heavy double charged leptons

Daniele Fargion, Maxim Khlopov+1 more|arXiv (Cornell University)|Nov 29, 2005

Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies14 citations

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel cold dark matter candidate based on two heavy, oppositely double-charged leptons (E and P), each with distinct lepton flavor numbers, that form stable, neutral (EP) atoms via an almost-commutative geometrical framework. These (EP) bound states emerge as cosmic relics in the early Universe, acting as cold dark matter seeds, with detectable signatures in neutrino observatories like Super-Kamiokande from gamma photons during recombination.

ABSTRACT

A new candidate of cold dark matter arises by a novel elementary particle model that is adding two heavy leptons, each one sharing a double opposite electric charge and an own lepton flavor number: the almost-commutative (AC)-geometrical framework. In this scenario two new heavy ($ m_L \\geq 100 GeV$), oppositely double charged leptons (E,P), (E with charge -2 and P with charge +2 and opposite Z-charge), are born with no twin quark companions. Their final cosmic relics are bounded into "neutral" stable atoms (EP) forming the mysterious cold dark matter, in the spirit of the Glashow's Sinister model. An (EP) state is reached in the early Universe along a tail of a few secondary frozen exotic components. They should be now here somehow hidden in the surrounding matter. The two main secondary manifest relics are P (mostly hidden in a neutral (e e P) "anomalous helium" atom, at a 10^{-8} ratio) and a corresponding "ion" E bounded with an ordinary helium ion which preserves the leptons to later recombine with neutral (e e P) into (EP) evanescent states. In early and late cosmic stages (EP) gas is leading to cold dark matter gravity seeds. Binding (e e P)+(He E) into (EP) heavy lepton AC-"atoms" results in a steady decrease of the anomalous isotopes and a growing concentration of AC-gas. However the (He E) influence on Big Bang nucleo-synthesis and catalysis of nuclear transformations in terrestrial matter may be a serious problem (or advantage?) for the model, while effects of tens MeV gamma photons, accompanying (EP) recombination, should leave traces in Super-Kamiokande or SNO records.

Motivation & Objective

• To propose a new elementary particle model for cold dark matter using two heavy, double-charged leptons with opposite charges and lepton flavor numbers.
• To explain the formation of stable (EP) bound states in the early Universe as cosmic relics contributing to cold dark matter.
• To investigate the cosmological and astrophysical implications of these exotic particles, including their influence on Big Bang nucleosynthesis and catalysis in terrestrial matter.
• To explore detectable signatures, such as tens of MeV gamma photons from (EP) recombination, potentially observable in Super-Kamiokande or SNO.

Proposed method

• Introduces two new heavy leptons (E with -2e charge, P with +2e charge) that are not paired with twin quarks, existing as fundamental constituents in an almost-commutative (AC)-geometrical framework.
• Models the formation of neutral (EP) atoms through a late-stage, frozen-out process in the early Universe, where exotic components form a tail of secondary relics.
• Analyzes the binding of (e e P) and (He E) systems, leading to the formation of (EP) atoms and the gradual depletion of anomalous isotopes.
• Evaluates the impact of (He E) and (e e P) on Big Bang nucleosynthesis and nuclear catalysis in terrestrial matter as potential constraints or advantages.
• Predicts the emission of tens of MeV gamma photons during (EP) recombination, which could be detected in large-scale neutrino observatories.
• Considers the long-term evolution of AC-gas, showing a steady increase in (EP) concentration and decrease in anomalous isotope abundance.

Experimental results

Research questions

• RQ1 How can two heavy, double-charged leptons form stable, neutral bound states that act as cold dark matter in the early Universe?
• RQ2 What are the cosmological implications of (He E) and (e e P) systems on Big Bang nucleosynthesis and nuclear catalysis in terrestrial matter?
• RQ3 Can the recombination of (EP) atoms produce detectable gamma-ray signals in neutrino observatories like Super-Kamiokande or SNO?
• RQ4 What is the role of the almost-commutative (AC)-geometrical framework in enabling the existence and stability of these exotic leptons?
• RQ5 How does the concentration of (EP) atoms evolve over cosmic time, and what is the fate of the anomalous isotopes like (e e P) and (He E)?

Key findings

• The model predicts the existence of two heavy, double-charged leptons (E and P), each with mass ≥ 100 GeV, that form stable (EP) atoms as cosmic relics.
• The (EP) bound state is formed via a secondary, frozen-out process in the early Universe, leading to cold dark matter with gravitational seeding potential.
• A significant fraction of P leptons are hidden in (e e P) 'anomalous helium' atoms at a 10⁻⁸ abundance ratio, while E leptons are bound with helium ions.
• The recombination of (EP) atoms produces tens of MeV gamma photons, which could leave detectable traces in Super-Kamiokande or SNO records.
• The model predicts a steady increase in (EP) concentration and a corresponding decrease in anomalous isotope abundance over cosmic time.
• The presence of (He E) and (e e P) systems may significantly affect Big Bang nucleosynthesis and catalyze nuclear transformations in terrestrial matter, posing a challenge or opportunity for the model.