[Paper Review] On the General Properties of Matter

Mário Everaldo de Souza|arXiv (Cornell University)|Nov 30, 1992

Relativity and Gravitational Theory1 references3 citations

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel fifth force—termed the 'superweak force'—that governs cosmic structure formation and explains the universe's expansion dynamics, galaxy morphology, and baryon mass spectra. It models the force as a harmonic potential proportional to the square of neutron-to-proton ratios, unifying it with other fundamental interactions and predicting a closed universe, quark confinement, and spiral galaxy arm formation through a unified framework of six fundamental forces unified in pairs.

ABSTRACT

By means of a general classification of the different kinds of matter of nature form a chain from the world of the subatomic particles to the large bodies of the universe, the galaxies. Then, it proposes a new baryonic force for the universe that is the fifth force which has been proposed in the literature. It explains the universal expansion itself and shows why the expansion must be slowing down at present. This force depends on the ratio of the number of neutrons to the number of protons. Its potential for the Universe is a well. At the bottom of the well the potential is of the form $kx^2$, where $x$ is the separation among the bodies under consideration. It is suggested that Nature has six fundamental forces which are unified in pairs and, therefore, reduced to three at $t=0$. The condition for having a closed universe is found. This new force, called superweak force in this paper, explains also the evolution of galaxies and shows how the arms of spiral galaxies(including barred spirals) are formed. The variation of the Hubble constant with time is shown. It is shown that quarks are formed of prequarks which may be the true elementary particles. The paper also gives a physical explanation for quark confinement. The energies of baryon states are calculated in a simple manner. The paper proposes the existence of four more bosons, one for the superweak interaction and three for the superstrong interaction. The six figures will be sent by mail upon request.

Motivation & Objective

• To unify the fundamental forces of nature by proposing six fundamental forces, unified in pairs, reducing to three at t=0.
• To explain the observed slowing down of the universe's expansion through a new baryonic force dependent on the neutron-to-proton ratio.
• To provide a physical mechanism for quark confinement and derive baryon state energies using a harmonic potential model.
• To explain the formation of spiral and barred spiral galaxies via the dynamics of the proposed superweak force.
• To predict the existence of four new bosons—three for superstrong and one for superweak interactions—extending the standard model of particle physics.

Proposed method

• Proposes a new baryonic force, the superweak force, whose potential is proportional to the square of inter-body separation (V ∝ kx²), derived from the neutron-to-proton ratio.
• Applies a harmonic oscillator potential model to describe the ground state energy levels of baryons, enabling simple calculation of baryon masses.
• Introduces a unified framework where six fundamental forces are formed by pairing three fundamental interactions, reducing to three at t=0.
• Uses the ratio of neutrons to protons as a key parameter to determine the strength and behavior of the superweak force across cosmic scales.
• Derives the time variation of the Hubble constant based on the dynamics of the superweak force and its influence on cosmic expansion.
• Predicts the existence of four new bosons: one for the superweak interaction and three for the superstrong interaction, to mediate the new forces.

Experimental results

Research questions

• RQ1 How can the observed slowing down of cosmic expansion be explained by a new fundamental force?
• RQ2 What physical mechanism underlies quark confinement, and how can it be derived from a deeper force structure?
• RQ3 How do spiral and barred spiral galaxies form, and can this be explained by a new long-range baryonic interaction?
• RQ4 What is the role of the neutron-to-proton ratio in shaping the dynamics of large-scale cosmic structures?
• RQ5 Can the baryon mass spectrum be accurately predicted using a harmonic potential model derived from a new fundamental force?

Key findings

• The superweak force, dependent on the neutron-to-proton ratio, provides a mechanism for the observed slowing down of the universe's expansion.
• The potential energy of the superweak force takes the form V ∝ kx² at the minimum, indicating a harmonic well that stabilizes cosmic structures.
• The paper derives baryon state energies using a simple harmonic oscillator model, offering a new method for predicting baryon masses.
• The existence of four new bosons is predicted—three for superstrong and one for superweak interactions—extending the standard model's gauge structure.
• The condition for a closed universe is derived based on the superweak force's strength and the neutron-to-proton ratio.
• The formation of spiral and barred spiral galaxies is explained as a dynamical consequence of the superweak force's long-range action on galactic scales.