[论文解读] Quantum Supremacy through the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm
论文认为量子近似优化算法(QAOA)可能展现量子霸权:即使是最浅的深度,其输出分布在标准复杂性假设下也难以被经典计算模拟,且可能在近期开启优化问题的计算优势。
The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is designed to run on a gate model quantum computer and has shallow depth. It takes as input a combinatorial optimization problem and outputs a string that satisfies a high fraction of the maximum number of clauses that can be satisfied. For certain problems the lowest depth version of the QAOA has provable performance guarantees although there exist classical algorithms that have better guarantees. Here we argue that beyond its possible computational value the QAOA can exhibit a form of Quantum Supremacy in that, based on reasonable complexity theoretic assumptions, the output distribution of even the lowest depth version cannot be efficiently simulated on any classical device. We contrast this with the case of sampling from the output of a quantum computer running the Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm (QADI) with the restriction that the Hamiltonian that governs the evolution is gapped and stoquastic. Here we show that there is an oracle that would allow sampling from the QADI but even with this oracle, if one could efficiently classically sample from the output of the QAOA, the Polynomial Hierarchy would collapse. This suggests that the QAOA is an excellent candidate to run on near term quantum computers not only because it may be of use for optimization but also because of its potential as a route to establishing quantum supremacy.
研究动机与目标
- 激励并形式化地说明 QAOA 如何在组合优化问题上运作。
- 解释在标准复杂性假设下,来自 QAOA 输出的采样对经典设备来说为何计算上困难。
- 将基于 QAOA 的霸权论证与在 stoquastic 约束下的量子退相变计算进行比较。
- 连接实际的近期量子计算前景与基础的复杂性理论含义。
提出的方法
- 定义 QAOA 电路族及其 p 深度的一般化。
- 通过成本算子 C 和混合算子 B 将 QAOA 与 CSPs 和 MAX-CUT 联系起来。
- 利用复杂性理论和后选(postselection)论证在经典上计算或采样 QAOA 输出的困难性。
- 使用 PostBQP 和 PostBPP 将从量子电路采样与多项式层级(PH)崩溃联系起来。
- 在 stoquastic 与 gap 的哈密顿量设定下,将 QAOA 与 Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm 进行对比,以区分相似的困难论证适用之处或失败之处。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1最低深度的 QAOA 的输出分布是否能被经典计算机有效模拟或采样?
- RQ2关于 PH 崩溃的假设是否意味着对 QAOA 输出的高效经典采样并不可能?
- RQ3在 stoquastic 约束下,QAOA 的困难性与 Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm 有何不同?
- RQ4在何种条件下,QAOA 不仅提供优化收益,还能提供量子霸权的路径?
- RQ5后选及相关复杂性工具在建立对如 QAOA 这样的量子电路的模拟困难性中扮演何种角色?
主要发现
- 据称,即使是最浅深度版本的 QAOA,在合理的复杂性理论假设下也很难被经典模拟。
- 从任意量子电路的输出分布高效采样意味着 PH 崩溃,类似的论证也可扩展到 QAOA。
- 后选量子计算(PostBQP)可以解决计数问题,显示出量子与经典采样模型之间的显著能力差距。
- QAOA 可能在某些 CSPs 上实现近似优势,但其霸权论证依赖于经典模拟的困难性,而不仅仅是对近似的保证。
- 相对地,在某些条件下对 stoquastic QADI(Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm)的采样并不会给出同样的霸权证明,凸显了 QAOA 与 QADI 基于论证的界限。
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