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[论文解读] Borosilicones and viscoelastic silicone rubbers: network liquids and network solids

L. A. Bloomfield|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 28, 2018
Rheology and Fluid Dynamics Studies参考文献 26被引用 7
一句话总结

本文提出,硼硅氧烷和黏弹性硅橡胶(VSRs)是网络液体——一种动态共价网络,其中临时的硼交联赋予其黏弹性行为。研究证明,简单硼硅氧烷遵循整数阶黏弹性模型(Maxwell、Lodge),而具有永久交联的非简单硼硅氧烷则需要分数阶模型(分数阶Maxwell、分数阶Zener),通过Mittag-Leffler函数和分数阶微分方程解释其非指数弛豫行为和低频模量衰减。

ABSTRACT

Borosilicones (e.g., Silly Putty) have been known for 70 years, but their peculiar behaviors have remain unexplained. In this work, experiment and theory are used to show that they are network liquids---dynamic macromolecules that appear elastic on short timescales but exhibit flow on longer timescales. Each borosilicone is a vast covalent network of silicone polymer chains joined by trifunctional boron crosslinks. At any instant, the borosilicone is a highly-crosslinked elastic material. Because the boron crosslinks are temporary, however, the network evolves with time and the borosilicone exhibits liquid behavior. A simple borosilicone exemplifies a classic transient network model and behaves as a simple (Lodge) elastic fluid. Its measured moduli and viscosities fit those predicted by the transient network model and the Maxwell viscoelastic model: a spring in series with a dashpot, including the observed exponential relaxation processes. When a borosilicone includes permanent crosslinks, however, it no longer behaves as a simple elastic fluid. Its measured moduli and viscosities fit those predicted by the Fractional Maxwell viscoelastic model: a spring in series with a the spring-pot, including the observed slower-than-exponential relaxation processes. Beyond the gelation threshold, a borosilicone becomes a viscoelastic silicone rubber (VSR). With a permanent network that spans the material coupled to a temporary network that also spans the material, the VSR is a network liquid piggybacking on a network solid. The Fractional Zener viscoelastic model: an elastic spring in parallel to the Fractional Maxwell model, accurately predicts the measured moduli of VSRs. The temporary nature of boron crosslinks is due to exchange reactions. Because the mean lifetime of temporary crosslinks is a borosilicone's only significant timescale, it exhibits thermo-rheological simplicity.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决长期存在的硼硅氧烷黏弹性之谜,特别是像Silly Putty这样的材料。
  • 解释为何简单硼硅氧烷遵循经典黏弹性模型,而具有永久交联的更复杂材料则需要分数阶模型。
  • 建立一个连接分子尺度交联动力学与宏观黏弹性响应的理论与实验框架。
  • 证明临时硼交联的平均寿命决定了所有时间尺度,从而实现热流变简单性。

提出的方法

  • 在不同频率和温度下,对多种硼硅氧烷和VSRs进行动态模量和黏度的实验测量。
  • 对具有简单硼硅氧烷的瞬态网络(TN)模型进行理论建模,预测基于Lodge弹性流体和Maxwell模型的结果。
  • 提出一种无限小微观黏弹性单元(黏性和弹性)的随机组装模型,以描述非简单硼硅氧烷。
  • 通过解析与计算推导分数阶黏弹性元件(弹簧-阻尼器,阶数为β)的表达式,其代表瞬态耦合的体积分数。
  • 构建分数阶Maxwell模型(弹簧与弹簧-阻尼器串联),以消除高频发散并匹配实验数据。
  • 应用分数阶Zener模型(弹簧与分数阶Maxwell并联)来描述同时具有永久与瞬态网络的黏弹性硅橡胶(VSRs)。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1为何简单硼硅氧烷表现出指数弛豫并遵循整数阶黏弹性模型?
  • RQ2非简单硼硅氧烷中存在永久交联时,导致非指数、慢于指数弛豫行为的原因是什么?
  • RQ3分数阶黏弹性模型如何解释复杂硼硅氧烷中观测到的频率依赖模量和时间依赖黏度?
  • RQ4临时硼交联在决定材料主时间尺度和热流变行为中起什么作用?
  • RQ5VSRs同时具有永久与瞬态网络,如何在固态形貌恢复与液态流动之间实现平衡?

主要发现

  • 仅含临时交联的简单硼硅氧烷表现出指数弛豫,且其行为可被Maxwell和Lodge弹性流体模型良好描述,实测模量与黏度与整数阶微分方程一致。
  • 具有永久交联的非简单硼硅氧烷表现出慢于指数的弛豫行为,与有限整数阶模型不一致,因此需要分数阶模型。
  • 随机组装模型导出的弹簧-阻尼器具有分数阶β,其与瞬态耦合的体积分数一致,且分数阶Maxwell模型能准确预测观测到的模量与时间依赖黏度。
  • 分数阶Maxwell模型预测Mittag-Leffler函数弛豫行为及低频下模量的幂律衰减,储能模量与损耗模量均按ω^β缩放,与实验观测一致。
  • 黏弹性硅橡胶(VSRs)是具有永久贯穿网络与附着其上的网络液体(瞬态交联)的网络固体,最适宜由分数阶Zener模型描述。
  • 所有材料均表现出热流变简单性:温度变化仅改变特征时间尺度τ,而τ即为临时交联的平均寿命,且遵循Arrhenius方程。

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