[论文解读] Non-monetary fair scheduling---a cooperative game theory approach
本文提出了一种非货币化的公平调度方法,用于多组织系统,采用合作博弈论与Shapley值,确保公平性而不依赖货币估值。该方法提出了一种抗策略的效用函数,基于各组织的吞吐量,证明该问题为NP难,但固定参数可解,并表明贪婪算法的资源利用率损失最多为25%,而启发式算法能紧密逼近最优公平性。
We consider a multi-organizational system in which each organization contributes processors to the global pool but also jobs to be processed on the common resources. The fairness of the scheduling algorithm is essential for the stability and even for the existence of such systems (as organizations may refuse to join an unfair system). We consider on-line, non-clairvoyant scheduling of sequential jobs. The started jobs cannot be stopped, canceled, preempted, or moved to other processors. We consider identical processors, but most of our results can be extended to related or unrelated processors. We model the fair scheduling problem as a cooperative game and we use the Shapley value to determine the ideal fair schedule. In contrast to the current literature, we do not use money to assess the relative utilities of jobs. Instead, to calculate the contribution of an organization, we determine how the presence of this organization influences the performance of other organizations. Our approach can be used with arbitrary utility function (e.g., flow time, tardiness, resource utilization), but we argue that the utility function should be strategy resilient. The organizations should be discouraged from splitting, merging or delaying their jobs. We present the unique (to within a multiplicative and additive constants) strategy resilient utility function. We show that the problem of fair scheduling is NP-hard and hard to approximate. However, for unit-size jobs, we present an FPRAS. Also, we show that the problem parametrized with the number of organizations is FPT. Although for the large number of the organizations the problem is computationally hard, the presented exponential algorithm can be used as a fairness benchmark.
研究动机与目标
- 解决多组织计算系统中的公平性问题,其中各组织既贡献资源又提交作业,且不依赖货币估值。
- 基于各组织对其他组织性能的影响来定义公平性,采用合作博弈论。
- 设计一种抗策略的效用函数,防止组织通过工作负载拆分或延迟等手段操纵调度以获取不公平优势。
- 分析公平调度的计算复杂性,并开发高效的近似算法。
- 通过实验评估启发式算法与精确解及标准公平共享调度的对比,证明其在公平性方面表现更优。
提出的方法
- 将公平调度问题建模为合作博弈,其中组织为参与者,其贡献通过其对他人效用的影响来衡量。
- 使用Shapley值计算收益的公平分配,代表无需货币补偿的理想公平调度。
- 将抗策略的效用函数定义为各组织的吞吐量,确保组织无法通过操纵工作负载模式获益。
- 证明一般公平调度问题为NP难且难以近似,但当以组织数量为参数时为固定参数可解。
- 为单位大小作业提出一种全多项式时间随机近似方案(FPRAS)。
- 设计一种贪婪启发式调度算法,保持高资源利用率,并近似Shapley公平性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在不依赖货币估值或预设份额的前提下,如何在多组织系统中定义公平性?
- RQ2何种效用函数可确保抗策略性,防止组织通过操纵工作负载以获得不公平优势?
- RQ3在在线、非预知环境下的公平调度问题,其计算复杂性如何?
- RQ4启发式算法在实践中能多接近最优公平调度?
- RQ5贪婪调度中,由于公平性约束导致的资源利用率最坏情况损失是多少?
主要发现
- 非货币化公平调度问题在一般情况下为NP难且难以近似。
- 当以组织数量为参数时,该问题为固定参数可解,从而可在小规模系统中获得精确解。
- 对于单位大小作业,存在一种全多项式时间随机近似方案(FPRAS),可实现高效近似。
- 任何贪婪调度算法至少可实现最优资源利用率的75%,证明由公平性导致的损失上限为25%。
- 所提出的启发式算法实现的公平性接近基于Shapley值的最优解,显著优于公平共享和轮转调度在多组织环境下的表现。
- 启发式算法与公平共享之间的差异在长周期工作负载且组织数量较多时最为显著,表明静态份额不足以实现公平性。
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